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Gross margins increased approximately 20 basis points. Gross margins in the specialty category declined 93 basis points, as compared to the fourth quarter of 2017, while gross margin in the center-of-the-plate category increased 135 basis points year-over-year. In addition, gross profit dollars grew approximately 11.2% versus prior-year fourth quarter. Jim, will provide more detail on margins in a few moments.

In regards to technology and operations, we continue to focus on improving our service model. During the fourth quarter, we expanded our team that focuses on customer experience and we implemented several enhancements to our mobile app, including push messaging, barcode scanning, and multiple account capabilities. These enhancements not only provide improved communication between our sales reps and customers, but also a more efficient ordering process for our customers.

Sales through our e-commerce and mobile platforms increased from approximately 8% of total revenue in October '18 to approximately 10% of total revenue in January of '19. Additionally, we have seen a 20% increase in mobile app utilization since our third quarter 2018 reported.

We completed the initial phases of several important technology and process enhancements during the fourth quarter, they include the implementation of all (ph) truck scanning in our Mid-Atlantic specialty distribution center, and truck camera technology in our Northeast markets. Adoption in additional markets such as Chicago, Florida and North California will follow in '19 with additional sites added in 2020.

We also completed testing on an upgraded warehouse management system and process in our San Francisco center-of-the-plate facilities and expect to go live in the first quarter of '19. During the fourth quarter, we completed the retrofit of our Houston facility and the expansion of our distribution center in Portland, Oregon.

In '19, we plan to complete the build out of our new facility in Dallas and begin expansion projects in Los Angeles and South Florida. 2018 was a great year for Chefs' Warehouse in so many ways. We expanded our footprint as we added depth in the Mid-Atlantic with our purchase of BK Specialty Foods. We invested in new market expansion with our entry into Texas and continued category expansion in fresh-cut fish with the acquisition of Chicago-based Wabash Seafood during the fourth quarter of '18.

We deepened our relationships with our customers and acquired new customers as we grew both organically and through acquisition. We reached the 75% completion milestone in the final phase of our specialty ERP sales order process implementation inclusive of two of our largest markets, New York, and the Mid-Atlantic, as well as the Ohio Valley.

We drove strong financial performance, including year-over-year double-digit revenue growth, gross profit margin improvement, and improved operating leverage despite the industrywide headwinds in labor and transportation cost inflation. We also generated approximately $57 million in free cash flow, as determined by full-year 2018 adjusted EBITDA, less capital expenditures. And we strengthened our balance sheet to provide a stronger financial foundation for CW, as we continue to grow our business model and geography.

Turning to 2019 and beyond, we remain excited about our runway for growth. We remain focused on increasing penetration with our existing customers, increasing the number of unique customers and establishing new market and product categories. We will also continue to expand our product category offerings including more fresh seafoods and produce.

Importantly, we will continue to focus on our team members providing them with opportunities for growth and category expertise, operations, support functions and delivery.

In addition, we aim to provide them with a technology and service platform to deepen their relationships and enhance our customer's business and experience.

With that, I'll turn it over to Jim to discuss more detailed financial information. Jim?

James Leddy -- Chief Financial Officer

Thank you, Chris, and good afternoon, everyone. Our net sales for the quarter ended December 28, 2018 increased approximately 10.3% to $394.1 million from $357.1 million in the fourth quarter of 2017. The increase in net sales was a result of organic growth of approximately 5.4%, as well as the contribution of sales from acquisitions, which added approximately 4.9% to sales growth for the quarter.

Net inflation was 0.5% in the fourth quarter, consisting of 0.2% inflation in our specialty category and inflation of 0.9% in our center-of-the-plate category versus the prior-year quarter. Gross profit increased 11.2% to $102.3 million for the fourth quarter of 2018 versus $92 million for the fourth quarter of 2017.

Gross profit margins increased approximately 20 basis points to 26%. The increase in margin was driven primarily by improved cost and margin management by our center-of-the-plate team, partially offset by product mix changes and significant inflation in certain specialty categories, such as bakery products and chocolate.

Total operating expense increased approximately 10.3% to $84.5 million for the fourth quarter of 2018 from $76.6 million for the fourth quarter of 2017. On an adjusted basis, as a percentage of net sales, operating expenses were 19.7% for the fourth quarter of 2018 compared to 19.6% for the fourth -- for the prior year fourth quarter.

Year-over-year increases in warehouse labor cost and fuel costs, as a percentage of revenue were the primary drivers of cost headwinds in the fourth quarter. This was offset partially by lower general administrative costs as a percent of revenue.

We are pleased with our sales and operating team's ability to drive positive year-over-year gross profit dollar growth as compared to adjusted operating expense growth in the fourth quarter. This contributed to a full year 2018 positive spread of approximately 145 basis points.

Operating income for the fourth quarter of 2018 was $17.8 million compared to $15.3 million for the fourth quarter of 2017. The increase in operating income was driven primarily by increased gross profit, offset in part by higher operating expenses. As a percentage of net sales, operating income was 4.5% in the fourth quarter of 2018, compared to 4.3% in the fourth quarter of 2017.

During the fourth quarter, we repriced our $239.7 million term loan maturing in June of 2022. We reduced the coupon from LIBOR plus 400 basis points to LIBOR plus 350 basis points, reducing our ongoing annual interest expense related to this debt by approximately $1 million inclusive of the financing fees associated with the transaction.

In addition, due to the change in the mix of lenders participating in the repricing, we wrote off a portion of deferred financing fees to interest expense in the period.

Interest expense increased to $5.7 million versus $5.3 million for the prior year fourth quarter, due primarily to the write-off of $1.1 million of deferred financing fees associated with the term loan repricing.

This was partially offset by lower effective interest rates charged on the Company's outstanding debt and the conversion of the 36.75 million of convertible notes maturing in 2021 during the third quarter of 2018.

Income tax expense was $3.1 million for the fourth quarter of 2018, compared to $0.6 million for the fourth quarter 2017. The increase in income tax expense is primarily due to the impacts of tax reform in the prior year quarter, which generated a one-time income tax benefit of $3.6 million in the fourth quarter of 2017.

Our GAAP income was $8.9 million or $0.30 per diluted share for the fourth quarter of 2018, compared to net income of $9.5 million or $0.35 per diluted share for the third quarter of 2017.

On a non-GAAP basis, adjusted EBITDA was $24.6 million for the fourth quarter of 2018, compared to $22 million for the prior year fourth quarter. Adjusted net income was $9.6 million or $0.32 per diluted share for the fourth quarter of 2018 compared to adjusted net income of $6.2 million or $0.23 per diluted share for the prior year fourth quarter.

We continue to benefit from strong cash flow and ended the fourth quarter of 2018, with $42.4 million of cash on the balance sheet. Pro forma net debt to adjusted EBITDA was 3.3 times as of the end of the fourth quarter of 2018.

Turning to our guidance for 2019, based on the current trends in the business, we are providing our financial guidance to be as follows. We estimate that net sales for the full year of 2019 will be in the range of $1.52 billion to $1.57 billion, gross profit to be between $390 million and $400 million, net income to be between $27.2 million and $30 million, GAAP net income per diluted share to be between $0.90 and $1.

Adjusted EBITDA, we expect to be between $86 million and $90 million and adjusted net income per diluted share to be between $0.91 and $1.01. This guidance is based on an effective tax rate of approximately 27.5% for 2019.

Our full year estimated diluted share count is approximately 30 million shares. Thank you. And at this point, we will open it up to questions. Operator?

Questions and Answers:

Operator

Great, thank you. (Operator instructions) Our first question is from Andrew Wolf from Loop Capital Markets. Please go ahead.

Andrew Wolf -- Loop Capital Market -- Analyst

Hi, good afternoon. I wanted to ask about the gross margin contraction in specialty kind of three quarters in a row. Is it -- I remember last quarter it was the same issue, I think, certain categories had rapid inflation. Was that also the situation in the second quarter? So should we kind of expect one more quarter of this and then -- then it cycles.

Can you give us a little more color on what's going on there.

James Leddy -- Chief Financial Officer

Sure. Are you -- when you said, second quarter, Andy, you are referring to the fourth quarter.

Andrew Wolf -- Loop Capital Market -- Analyst

What I am saying, this is three quarters in a row where there was a lot of gross margin contraction. This quarter was the highest, but it was also high in the third quarter and the second quarter.

James Leddy -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, I mean, overall, we're really, really pleased with the gross profit margin improvement. The volatility versus center-of-the-plate and specialty is mainly driven by the comp. So if you look at Q3 and Q4 of last year versus Q3 and Q4 of 2018 -- of 2017 versus 2018. It basically in center-of-the-plate is normalization of prices. And in terms of specialty, we actually had a gross profit margin profile, very similar to what we would expect in the fourth quarter, but we had a very strong Q4 2017.

I think we had a 70 basis point increase. And we had similarly a decrease on the center-of-the-plate side, so overall very happy with it. I mean, within that, just to provide you a little more color, in the prepared remarks, already mentioned that we had pretty spiky type inflation in bakery and chocolate and some other categories.

And we had a bit of (ph) impact from mix as we had growth in dairy and eggs, and they come in at a lower gross profit margin profile than our average specialty category. So overall, very pleased with the contribution of Q4. It contributed to a full-year 10 basis point improvement in 2018 over 2017.

It's really just the comps that are driving the volatility.

Andrew Wolf -- Loop Capital Market -- Analyst

Okay, that's helpful. So we should look for some normalization in the specialty margins unless some categories.

James Leddy -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah I think what you'll see with the comps in 2019, are really they kind of reverse. So we'll have tougher comps on operating leverage in the first half and easier on gross profit margins and it kind of reverses in the second half and that's just driven by the cadence in 2018.

Andrew Wolf -- Loop Capital Market -- Analyst

And if I can just add one more for you on the queue, and Chris, you mentioned how the penetration of mobile ordering is going up. I think you referred to customer experience team. Are these programmers or are these? Could you just give a little elaboration of what they're doing. Or is it little more broad than that.

Christopher Pappas -- Founder, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

Sure.

Andrew Wolf -- Loop Capital Market -- Analyst

And also, could you just kind of related or personnel-related. Are you adding sales people as well on that territory type managers.

Christopher Pappas -- Founder, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, well, I think it's -- I'll start with the last one. So we're always adding sales people. Andy, I mean, we're a growth Company. So we're -- we're constantly hiring for new territories. We got new categories and again, we're still very small in lots of the cities that we've opened it and even in our biggest businesses, we feel there's tremendous opportunity to continue to grow.

So we're -- we're constantly, carefully adding. It takes time to train properly. We sell a lot of items, we sell lot of incredible ingredients that you need a lot of knowledge.

So it's an ongoing -- it's constantly ongoing, so we've added people, we know to. The team that's going to take us to the next level in online ordering and the online experience of -- I challenge them with a best-in-class performance and what we're putting out there and really what we're doing is speaking to our customers more. So we do have a team that's analyzing the information, all the data that -- that keeps coming in from all the applications we're adding and all the analysts, we have.

So we've beefed up that team, no pun intended and really trying to make it a world-class experience when you come to Chef online. So whether you want to speak to us, or you want to communicate online.

We think, the experience should be similar. So we've kind of beefed up that department.

Andrew Wolf -- Loop Capital Market -- Analyst

Great, thank you.

Christopher Pappas -- Founder, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

You got it.

James Leddy -- Chief Financial Officer

Sure.

Operator

Our next question is from Renado Pathaka (ph) from Barclays. Please go ahead.

Renado Pathaka -- Barclays -- Analyst

Hi, good evening, thanks for taking my questions. So first, I just wanted to touch on 1Q sales for a bit, because I think last year, you had some things that were sort of one-off in nature with the weather and so on. So I think, it would be helpful to just get a better sense of trends as you exited 4Q, sort of what you're seeing year-to-date and then maybe just remind us of the cadence of sales in 1Q last year.

James Leddy -- Chief Financial Officer

So last year in 1Q, I think the weather impact was more toward the last end of the -- the back end of the quarter, kind of the March time frame, we had number of storms in the Northeast and we had a storm very early in the quarter as well in early January. So in terms of Q1 (ph), where we are right now, I mean, we saw sequential good organic growth through the year that continued into the fourth quarter. Obviously, there's been some weather in the Midwest in the middle of January and then early in February. I mean, I think everybody is aware of that, the polar vortex. But other than that we saw solid momentum coming out of the fourth quarter.

Renado Pathaka -- Barclays -- Analyst

Okay and then just to follow on that, can you remind us how much March is as a percentage of sales or EBIT and then if you're expecting any impact from Easter, the Easter shift?

James Leddy -- Chief Financial Officer

We don't disclose the percentage of an individual month but obviously March, I think for the entire industry is -- it's generally a 5-week fiscal month and it's generally the largest portion of the -- of the first quarter. And some of that is due to your coming out of the, generally coming out of the work, the -- the weather from January and February.

Renado Pathaka -- Barclays -- Analyst

Anything on Easter?

James Leddy -- Chief Financial Officer

Don't have anything on the Easter shift right now.

Renado Pathaka -- Barclays -- Analyst

Okay and then just last one for me. It seems like OpEx came in a little higher than maybe what some folks were expecting, is there anything that sort of caught you by surprise in the quarter and then sort of given the guidance for leverage in '19 and some easy compares early on, how should we be thinking about the cadence of expenses throughout 2019?

James Leddy -- Chief Financial Officer

Sure. Just on your first question, I would say, overall, our business performance in terms of OpEx was really as we expected in Q4. I think from a percent of revenue metric, we were generally flat and that was given a quarter with essentially no inflation, whereas we were comping against the quarter with pretty decent inflation last year. So the percent of revenue metric, it would have been better. We did have a few corporate type expenses that were higher than we expected, one related to healthcare claims and the other related to a legal settlement that we didn't expect. But other than that, we're really happy with the fourth quarter. I think in my prepared remarks, I mentioned that it, we had another quarter of positive gross profit dollar growth, above adjusted OpEx growth and that contributed to the full year just under 150 basis points. If you look at our 2019 guidance, we are -- we are guiding to continued operating leverage despite we're forecasting very moderate and to flattish type inflation.

So overall, I think, look we're going to continue to scale and we're going to continue to drive operating leverage (ph). A few points of inflation will certainly make it better from a percent of revenue metric, but we're focused on the gross profit dollar to adjusted OpEx gap. And as I mentioned earlier, just given the way the comps played out, our operating leverage was heavily weighted to the first half of 2018, and so the comps would reverse from on easier or tougher comps perspective in 2019.

So we would expect that, we would have tougher comps in the first half, still expect to generate operating leverage, but not the level what we did in the first half of 2017 from a year-over-year perspective. And then it would be more heavily weighted to the back half of the year, just given the way the cadence of 2018 worked.

Renado Pathaka -- Barclays -- Analyst

Okay, thanks, that's helpful.

James Leddy -- Chief Financial Officer

Sure.

Operator

Our next question is from Kelly Bania from BMO Capital Markets. Please go ahead.

Kelly Bania -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst

Hi, good evening. Just a couple of questions wanted to ask, I think you mentioned the seafood acquisition in the quarter. Just wondering, if you can talk about that, what that brings to Chefs' and I thought I heard you mention produce. So can you comment on what you're looking at in terms of produce?

Christopher Pappas -- Founder, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

Sure. So we had the opportunity to add a fantastic small company in the Midwest. It was really sweet. We didn't call it out really because it's pretty small, so it was -- it is not anything significant. But what it did add is some very talented people. We have a seafood division coming out of the Ohio Valley, so this kind of ties now as we try to merge the talent from Chicago into the Midwest and we have a growing team in Chicago. So we think that we can really grow this division and it goes well with our protein division.

So we're really excited about it, but it is small, Kelly. So it's just, it's in the infant stages, but it will grow.

Produce, we do sell some produce, it is part of our long-term diversifying our product mix. Everybody eats produce. You see it on most food companies truck, so we do very little. But we are looking at how it fits into the Chefs' Warehouse mix, especially as we build our new buildings. We did launch a small department in New York, which is going really well.

So I would say, stay tuned but I think that it works really well, especially the specialty produce. We are not looking to be a big commodity produce Company. So we think it fits very well into our specialty division.

Kelly Bania -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst

Okay, great. And I think last month, you talked about kind of flat to 1-ish (ph) overall inflation. Just curious if anything's changed there or I guess a lot depends on what's really underlying that between the categories or specific category. So anything that you're seeing to call out as we kind of think about modeling margins and what expectations are for inflation this year?

James Leddy -- Chief Financial Officer

Sure, Kelly. So that's about right, we're kind of forecasting, kind of moderate flat to 2% type of specialty inflation and really around flat could be slightly deflationary to slightly inflationary but think about flattish type of center-of-the-plate. And that gets you to kind of a flat to 1%, very kind of similar to what we saw on a full year basis in 2018.

So not too dissimilar and as you mentioned, it's very category specific . So as we've come out of the fourth quarter, we've seen some really mixed bag, some categories in specialty are deflationary, like dairy and categories like that. Whereas, we're still seeing inflation in some of the bakery products.

And then within the center-of-the-plate , it's a mixed bag as well. We saw inflation in some of the lower meats like Choice in Q4 and we see that continuing and we see a little more deflation in some of the primals and we saw that in Q4. So it's a really mixed bag, so we're, it's kind of averaging out to that zero to 1%.

Kelly Bania -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst

Okay, perfect and in terms of wages, I mean everybody is talking about the driver shortage of wages and just curious, what kind of inflation you are seeing there and what you're planning for -- in your plan for 2019?

Christopher Pappas -- Founder, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

Not to jinx us, but I think, we did get out ahead of it pretty well. The ops team did a great job in recruiting and is constantly recruiting. So it's making us a better Company. We really understand that it's got to be a place people want to work, there's lots of competition for people especially with a CDL license.

So we're just trying to make it a safer job, as safe as possible. It is a hard job, it's not just driving. It's, you got to go up and down stairs and deliver a lot of heavy merchandise. So we're really working on safety. We're working on our benefit packages, but we've built in a lot of that expense, Kelly. We did start increasing what we pay and especially in the markets that we saw shortages. We did get ahead and start increasing as much as possible, to be competitive, as competitive, or more competitive than the people we're up against. But as they say, people don't quit really for -- they quit people, they don't quit companies overall. So we are just making sure we have the right managers in place to recruit and to retain. One of our primary sources that differentiates us is our great drivers. So I think we're OK right now.

Kelly Bania -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst

Okay, that's helpful. And then maybe just last one for me, I think you mentioned the upgraded WMS system that's going live, I guess now. Can you just talk about what that will do and other plans to roll that out. Is that going to all the facilities or can you just explain that?

James Leddy -- Chief Financial Officer

Yes, sure, Kelly. So it's really kind of a further integration of our center-of-the-plate facility, some of our center-of-the-plate facilities to some of the technology and processes around pick and packing and distribution that we have really matured and grown in the specialty legacy, specialty facilities and businesses and it's really just a continuation and we will be rolling it out over the next few years to all of our facilities and it's just taking what we've done on the specialty side and driving some of that efficiency into some of the facilities that we've acquired through acquisitions over the last few years.

Kelly Bania -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst

Okay, thanks.

Operator

(Operator Instructions) Our next question is from Chris Mandeville from Jefferies. Please go ahead.

Blake -- Jefferies -- Analyst

This is Blake on for Chris. Thanks for taking my question. On your debt and interest expense, you talked about your leverage now, you've got it down to 3.3 times. And your free cash flow continues to be healthy. On the interest expense guide, wondering what kind of debt pay down that assumes, anything to call out on the interest expense guide and then maybe how much debt should we expect you to pay down this year. Is there a target leverage ratio, you are trying to get to?

James Leddy -- Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, Blake. No, we didn't assume in the guide on interest expense, we didn't assume any further debt pay down. So we delevered pretty significantly well, a lot of that due to the convert coming off, but in 2017, and in 2018, we paid down some debt. It's really flowing through the repricing that we did. We baked in a moderate increase in LIBOR. I think, we averaged about 50 basis points over the course of the year, just from an assumption perspective. And that's really it. So we haven't -- our use of cash is generally earmarked for acquisitions. We will have higher level of CapEx than we had in 2018 and 2019. As we invest a little more in building out some facilities in Texas, LA, and Florida. We still anticipate to stay around that 1.5% of revenue type of range, but it will be an elevated level. Within that, if you, you take the midpoint of our adjusted EBITDA guidance and our, what we expect for CapEx, we would still come in with free cash flow growth in 2019 over 2018.

Christopher Pappas -- Founder, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

So the ratios get, naturally get better as EBITDA goes up, Chris (ph). So that's really the focus, keep driving EBITDA up, and the leverage ratios take care of themselves.

Blake -- Jefferies -- Analyst

All right. And then, I was curious on the acquisition front, it sounds like, you're ready to do acquisitions now, it sounds like, do you need your leverage to get down any further before you would feel comfortable doing anything bigger. And then if you could comment on valuations, are they still kind of elevated?

Christopher Pappas -- Founder, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

Again, the pipeline is always frothy. We are really taken our time being extremely choosy. We have great organic growth, greater case growth, we've got our arms around our protein division, it's getting better and better. So for us to do an acquisition, it's got to fall in our guidelines, on our comfort zone in our -- what willing to pay. So I think, if I had a crystal ball, you're looking at it, and I think deals will close. But I think, they will -- any deals that too close are going to be in our comfort zone. I could tell you, I mean, we are looking at some big stuff, but it's, I think it's way in the future. So I think my guidance from last year is we'd love to do, really tuck-ins that are accretive. So nothing has changed there. So a strong category addition, but it would be accretive. So I think that takes care of the leverage issue because anything we really look at is accretive at this point.

James Leddy -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, while we, I'll just add, Greg (ph). Well, we might be adding debt or a mix of debt and equity to do acquisitions, we wouldn't anticipate significantly adding leverage from a ratio perspective.

Blake -- Jefferies -- Analyst

Okay, thanks. And then lastly, it's nice to see the e-commerce and mobile platform continue to get good uptake. Is that something you would say is helping you win new customers. And then I was wondering if you are in a position you had to share, maybe exactly how much we can expect that to start impacting margins or the average order anything like that?

Christopher Pappas -- Founder, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

Yes, well, again, when we built our forecast, we really didn't build in any major upside from e-commerce. So we did say that customers that come online, tend to order more and the margin was a little better, but really the build-out in the forecast is way too soon. What we are seeing is our sales staff having more time to go out and hunt, and visit customers and show new categories to increase business. So really where the focus right now is, if we can continue to grow at the rate we're growing, and not have to add the amount of people we would normally add, historically, it's going to give us better leverage on our operating expense and really that's our focus. I think the rest will kind of take care of itself.

Blake -- Jefferies -- Analyst

Great, thanks a lot.

Christopher Pappas -- Founder, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

Thanks.

Operator

Thank you. This concludes the question-and-answer session. I'd like to turn the floor back to Mr. Pappas for any closing comments.

Christopher Pappas -- Founder, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

Sure. Well great, well thank you, everybody for joining our fourth quarter call. We look forward to joining our first quarter call. Very proud of our team, it was a great '18. We are very proud of the fourth quarter, and the efforts our team put forward. And once again, I thank you for joining our call. Look forward to our next call. Have a great day.

Operator

This concludes today's teleconference. You may disconnect your lines at this time . Thank you for your participation.

Duration: 38 minutes

Call participants:

Alexandros Aldous -- General Counsel, Chief Government Relations Officer & Corporate Secretary

Christopher Pappas -- Founder, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

James Leddy -- Chief Financial Officer

Andrew Wolf -- Loop Capital Market -- Analyst

Renado Pathaka -- Barclays -- Analyst

Kelly Bania -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst

Blake -- Jefferies -- Analyst

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