Steven Zabel
Great. Thanks, Rick, and good morning, everyone. As Rick described, the first quarter was a good start to the year. From a top line perspective, we're seeing strong levels of growth in our core operations with premium growth of 4.2% and aided by the strong levels of new sales we saw last year. We are pleased to see this result as persistency levels for some products to ease slightly as expected from record levels experienced in 2024.
Overall sales for core operations were down slightly with lower large case sales offset by strong voluntary benefit sales. When considering the first quarter results, the seasonality of our sales and a healthy pipeline, we are maintaining our outlook for full year 2025 sales growth of 5% to 10% across core operations. In addition to growth, our margins continue to be robust with benefit ratios at or favorable to our expectations and historical levels across all products.
I will dive into the group disability benefit ratio more in a moment, but we'll note that we do not have reason to believe the increase in the first quarter is indicative of a reversal of recent favorable trends and therefore, believe we can achieve our annual expectation of low 60% for the full year. In the first quarter, adjusted operating earnings finished at $466.8 million, leading to after-tax adjusted operating earnings per share of $2.04, this result was down 3.8% from last year, driven by the disability benefit ratio dynamics mentioned earlier as well as the impact of our current year operating expense pattern, which will decline throughout the year.
We recorded statutory after-tax operating income of $489.8 million which incorporates an estimated $131 million favorable impact from the internal LTC reinsurance transaction we announced in February. With an underlying run rate of approximately $350 million, we are well positioned to achieve our annual expectation of $1.3 billion to $1.6 billion of statutory earnings from our traditional insurance subsidiaries. While we are only 1 quarter into the year, we remain confident in executing against our capital targets for 2025.
Now let's move into the segment financial results. Starting with Unum US, adjusted operating income decreased 14.6% to $329.1 million in the first quarter of 2025, compared to $385.2 million in the first quarter of 2024. Natural growth of lives and wages continued at normal levels of between 2% and 3% and along with total group persistency of 89.3%, supported premium growth of 4.3% in Unum US. Overall, Unum US sales were higher in the first quarter of 2025 by approximately 1% year-over-year, driven by strong voluntary benefit sales.
As Rick mentioned, the pipeline for group sales over the next 2 quarters is healthy, and we expect overall all sales to meet our expectations of 5% to 10% growth for the year. Adjusted operating income in the group disability line of $119.2 million was lower compared to $164.8 million in the first quarter of 2024. The decrease was driven by higher incidents across both short-term and long-term disability with continued strong recoveries for long-term disability.
While the group disability benefit ratio of 61.8% compared unfavorably to the year ago period of 57.5% and was slightly above our expectation, it was within our low 60s expectation for the year. Also as a reminder, we decided to exit the stop-loss business in 2024, while insignificant to earnings, group disability premium growth in the first quarter would have been approximately 3% when excluding stop loss in both periods.
Adjusted operating income for Unum US Group Life and AD&D finished at $69.2 million in the quarter compared to the year ago period of $78.8 million. The benefit ratio of 69.3% was slightly elevated compared to 68.2% a year ago, driven by higher incidents, but was in line with our outlook of approximately 70%. Adjusted operating earnings for the Unum US supplemental and voluntary lines in the first quarter of 2025 decreased slightly to $140.7 million from $141.6 million in the first quarter of 2024. The voluntary benefit ratio was in line with our expectation of mid-40s, however, increased from very favorable levels experienced a year ago. offset by a reduction in the multiline individual disability benefit ratio.
As a result, supplemental and voluntary segment earnings will not be impacted by the recently announced reinsurance transaction with Fortitude Re until the transaction does close. Moving to Unum International. Adjusted operating income in the first quarter increased to $38.7 million from $37.4 million in the first quarter of 2024. Adjusted operating income for the Unum UK business increased in the first quarter to 29.5 million pounds compared to 28.2 million pounds in the first quarter of 2024. Premium income for our Unum International Business segment increased by 7% year-over-year, including 18% growth in Unum Poland. Strong persistency in excess of 90% in both Unum U.K. and Poland helped to offset decreased overall sales in the quarter.
Next, adjusted operating income for the Colonial Life segment increased to $115.7 million in the first quarter compared to $113.7 million in the first quarter of 2024. Premium income of $457.3 million grew at a rate of 2.3%. Record levels of first quarter earnings and premiums were supported by persistency of 78.1%, a similar level to the year ago period. Sales in the first quarter of $105.3 million grew 2.2% over last year. After several quarters of reduced sales growth at Colonial Life, we are very pleased with this strong start to 2025.
In the Closed Block segment, adjusted operating income of $24.4 million in the first quarter of 2025 compared to $27.7 million in the fourth quarter of 2024. Earnings were lower due primarily to lower income on alternative assets which yielded 5.1% in the first quarter on an annualized basis compared to our long-term expectation of 8.10%. As we've experienced in prior years, a lag in reporting in the first quarter can impact timing of results and delay recognition of earnings into the remainder of the year.
A subset of year-end partnership statements for alternative investments will be received and reported in the second quarter results. As a reminder, our annual outlook for this segment of $140 million to $170 million assumes a normalized level of alternative asset returns and therefore, can be impacted by quarter-to-quarter fluctuations. Within the Closed Block, aggregate benefits experience for LTC was generally in line with our expectations, and we remain committed to no longer requiring capital contributions to support this block backed by our $2.6 billion of protection at Fairwind.
The LTC net premium ratio was 94.7% at the end of the first quarter of 2025 compared to 94.6% in the fourth quarter of 2024. Sequentially, the increase of 10 basis points reflects modestly unfavorable benefits experienced relative to long-term expectations in our uncapped cohorts. In terms of rate increases, we continue to make progress and have achieved approximately 55% of our current reserve expectations through the end of the first quarter.
Finally, I wanted to provide a brief update on the external LTC reinsurance transaction we announced in February. As a reminder, we have agreed to see $3.4 billion or approximately 20% of long-term care statutory reserves, along with a portion of our multi-life individual disability in-force to Fortitude REIT. Overall, the transaction is expected to generate approximately $100 million of capital benefits. We are working through the approval process and customary closing conditions now. The process is progressing well with no changes to our overall time line.
While the breadth of our financial impacts will be reported in the period the transaction closes, some aspects of the financial reporting requirements are reflected in our first quarter results. This was notable in first quarter reported net investment losses of $206.8 million. A significant portion of this amount or $152.4 million is attributable to recognizing losses on assets in the transaction transfer portfolio that were in an unrealized loss position. Unrealized gains on assets within the same portfolio will be recognized once the transaction closes. And for your reference, the transfer portfolio had total unrealized gains of $115.4 million as of the end of the quarter.
In addition, asset sales associated with generating liquidity for both the external and internal LTC transactions resulted in realized losses of $42.6 million. Considering the impacts from both of these transactions, the realized losses generated by routine portfolio activity during the quarter were under $10 million.
Wrapping up my commentary on the segment's financial results, the adjusted operating loss in the corporate segment was $41.1 million compared to $46.1 million loss in the first quarter of 2024, primarily driven by higher net investment income as a result of the First Unum dividend to the holding company.
Shifting to investments. We continue to benefit from the favorable environment for new money yields and effective risk management. Our strategy supports a comprehensive through-the-cycle approach. In addition, we have taken opportunities to derisk our investment portfolio over the past several years, highlighted by a significant reduction to high-yield exposure from 7.8% of our total investment portfolio in 2020 to 3.4% as of the first quarter of 2025.
Also in the first quarter, total net investment income was $513.2 million compared to $513.5 million in the same period last year. Miscellaneous investment income decreased marginally to $20.2 million compared to $20.8 million a year ago, with income from our alternative assets totaling $18.3 million. Additionally, we have maintained our hedge program to manage interest rate risk. Through the first quarter, we had entered into $3.6 billion of treasury forwards with approximately $2.5 billion of notional hedges outstanding at quarter end. These open hedges secure the underlying treasury rate for a significant portion of our investable LTC cash flows over the next 10 years.
I'll wrap up my commentary with an update regarding our capital position. We expect that our strong statutory earnings will persist in enhancing significant capital strength and financial flexibility, similar to our experience in 2024. The weighted average risk-based capital ratio for our traditional US insurance companies has further strengthened to approximately 460%. The liquidity at the holding company has risen to $2.2 billion, which does include a $630 million dividend from First Unum resulting from the internal reinsurance transaction.
Although these metrics are expected to vary throughout the year, we anticipate a year-end RBC of 425% to 450% and holding company liquidity exceeding $2.5 billion, both in excess of our long-term targets, providing us with capital flexibility. This flexibility is integrated into our strategies for share buybacks and annual increases in the shareholder dividends. Having repurchased shares valued at $200 million during the first quarter, we aim to achieve at least this amount in the second quarter.
As we have previously communicated, we will review our plans for the year as a whole, following the successful conclusion of the external LTC reinsurance transaction later this year. Overall, we are pleased with our first quarter results and remain well positioned to implement our strategy and meet our financial objectives.
Now I'll hand the call back to Rick for his closing remarks, and I look forward to answering your questions.
Richard McKenney
Great. Thank you, Steve. And I would just summarize today by saying that our commitment to excellence in growing our core business and protecting more people as combined with robust capital strength. I think this sets us up on a promising trajectory for the year ahead. So I'm sure there are plenty of topics to discuss.
And so with that, we will move to your questions. Kayla, please open the Q&A session.
Operator
(Operator Instructions) Ryan Krueger, KBW.
Ryan Krueger
My first question is on disability incidents. Can you give us a little bit more color on what you saw with incidents as the quarter progressed? And then in terms of the normalization back down during the quarter, any -- can you help us understand if that kind of continued into April at this point?
Steven Zabel
Yes, Ryan. It's Steve. So yes, you're right. During the quarter, we did see elevated incidents above our expectations in both short-term and long-term disability. Long-term disability, obviously, is a big driver of overall profitability.
And what we saw in the trends there were very high early in the quarter, specifically January, very high incidence rates and those did come down closer to what our expectations would be as the quarter played out. They don't really have anything to talk about April yet. But as we're looking forward to the remainder of the year, we do think that that overall benefit ratio will come down a tick and be closer to kind of what our internal expectations were for the remainder of the year and really is one driver where we think we will have kind of a different trajectory earnings as the year proceeds. I guess the other thing that I would say, and I mentioned in my remarks as well as Rick did, recoveries were really close to our expectations. So we felt really good about the level of recoveries that we saw. We just saw a little bit of a spike early in the quarter on LTC incidents.
Ryan Krueger
Okay. And then just a related follow-up. I guess, how would you characterize your view of the economic sensitivity of disability claims? I think it's there's been correlations within the industry at times, but it doesn't seem to be consistent in -- for I think for Unum itself, it has not always been correlated, but -- just any updated thoughts on how you see disability claims being correlated to the economy overall?
Richard McKenney
Sure, Ryan. We'll talk about that. And I think there has been a lot of exploration on the topic over the -- really over the last decade. And so it's hard to predict exactly what the environment will do going forward. But we can look back in terms of what we saw in previous recessionary previous difficult environments. And I think what we've said, particularly in long-term disability, and so short term, can be a little bit different dynamic as well.
But in long-term disability, we can see submitted claims go up that just is reflective of people's -- as they look at their employment status, et cetera. But we don't see that higher level of submitted incidents necessarily turn into paid incidents. And so we can see a little bit of movement there over time, but it's not as sensitive as you might expect. These are people that our long-term disability policies are to protect people that have suffered something that allows them not to be able to work and protect their income over time.
It's not an economically sensitive policy. And so it's hard to predict the future and how that works. But certainly, over the last couple of recessions we've seen, those submitted incidents does rise, but it doesn't flow all the way through to paid. And so that's our best expectation of what we might see in the future as well.
Operator
Suneet Kamath, Jefferies.
Suneet Kamath
So you reaffirmed the 6% to 10% growth guide for the year, which implies a pretty healthy bounce back relative to the first quarter level. I think you talked a little bit about the group disability coming back. But can you talk about some of the other drivers that kind of get you there?
Richard McKenney
Yes. Let me start on that, Suneet, talk about -- in aggregate, I think one of the things that we highlighted is this quarter was a little bit lower than our expectations, but I think also a part of our expectations is that we have anticipated an increasing trend throughout the year. I'd also say this is quite early in the year. And so we have a lot of work to do to continue throughout the year. So it's a small snapshot at the beginning of the year.
not certainly some time where we would look to change what our outlook is overall. But you did ask for a couple of specifics that you can plug in there and maybe, Steve, you can highlight a couple of things that we think will be different in future quarters than you might have seen in this quarter.
Steven Zabel
Yes. Yes. So I mentioned really 3 things, and I'll kind of go click down on these Suneet. One is group disability loss ratio. The loss ratio was a little bit elevated from our expectations in the first quarter.
We don't think we're going to somehow make that back over the remainder of the year, but we do think that loss ratio is going to come back closer to what our expectations would have been coming into the year and how we set our outlook. So that's number one. All the income, our yield was just over 5% due to the issues with the lag in the reporting. We had anticipated that. And so when we set our outlook at the beginning of the year, we'd anticipate 8% to 10% yield for the full year on that portfolio.
Even with the first quarter results, our expectation is that that's still a good assumption for us. that we'll be able to do that. So that's going to give a little bit of an overweighted increase to earnings as we proceed through the remainder of the year. And then operating expenses were a little higher in the first quarter. We also anticipated that just the pattern of some of our expenses throughout the year.
And so when we gave guidance around a slight uptick, and operating expense ratios in '25 over '24. We still feel good about that, and we do think we're going to have a downward trajectory in our operating expense ratio as the year progresses.
And so those are kind of the 3 things that just in general, we think will make the last 3 quarters a little bit different than the first quarter. But then there is also 2 things that just build momentum naturally throughout the year. One is just organic growth. We think we'll have top line growth as the year proceeds, and that will be a good margin business that will drive higher earnings in and of itself as the year progresses.
And then also share repurchase. That builds a lot of momentum as far as EPS growth. goes through the year. We evaluate that every quarter, but that will build momentum as we go through the year and really drive that EPS growth. So when you put that all together and based on the planning assumptions that we have today, we do still feel like 6% to 10% is a reasonable place for us to be, and we'll just have to evaluate it as we get through the year.
Suneet Kamath
That's very helpful. And then you had done something in the prepared remarks that I wanted to drill into around technology and that potentially leading to higher persistency going forward. Can you give us a sense of like what percentage of your book at Unum US is using Leave and some of the other technology initiatives that you have, just to get a sense of how much more upside is there?
Christopher Pyne
Yes, Suneet, it's Chris. Thanks for the question. It is a true point that's saying where we have our tech investments, including things around leave or integration with HCM platforms that we do see and expect to see an increase in persistency you picked up on the fact that, yes, that is not our entire book right now. We do have some business traditional and does persist quite well, but more at traditional levels you saw some of that in the quarter.
Rather than giving exact percentages, you can be sure that we're working hard to do 2 things. One is a significant percent of our new business that comes on, tied to those capabilities is quite high. And we also have a migration strategy to make sure that we're moving the block toward that preferable -- those investments at the right time if the customer pay. Sometimes, it depends on when they're ready to make the shift. But we do have a team set up and momentum in that direction.
So it will be an increasing part of the story, and therefore, persistency rises over time. And hopefully, at that level, it gives us some steer.
Operator
Joel Hurwitz, Dowling.
Joel Hurwitz
Just sticking on the persistency topic. Can you unpack what you saw in group? I know you indicated it would come down last quarter, but I'm a little surprised by the magnitude of the drop. And then just following up sort of on Suneet's question, what are you -- are you seeing noticeable differences on persistency for customers who utilize the HR Connect or total lead platforms?
Christopher Pyne
Yes. Thanks, Joe. Chris, again. So again, thanks for noticing. We did expect to see persistency more traditional levels as we went into this year. We did know last year, you had a market dynamic that was some pent-up demand, I say post-COVID, where we saw fewer marketings and we knew there were some projects that were going to come to market. We benefited from that significantly with the 1/1 sales cycle. And -- but we also, at the same time, there were some parts of our book that have been quiet for a period of time that went out to market, which presents some risk unit. You saw that in some persistency challenge through the course of the quarter.
In terms of what we expect to see when we have tech-enabled connections and leave management, it is that important to a customer that not only are we targeting the right customers that will work really well with the program, but we also do a great job setting expectations in terms of how this new way of doing business in a modern digital way is going to work. And that takes time. We've done an increasingly good job of targeting the right types of customers so that they win even bigger when they take advantage of it and also making sure they understand the new world and how you -- when you leverage technology, can really change that customer experience, which is both their experience as an employer, but also the employee experience, which is really important in high-transaction things like lead management. So you can expect us to continue to get better at that. And again, that's been a multiyear program that we're deep into, and we'll continue on.
Steven Zabel
Yes. The only thing I'd add to that is when we think about the dynamics of sales, persistency and then also natural growth. The overall objective here is overall top line growth. And I think you saw in the first quarter that the results were pretty good that even with those levels of persistency, we're growing top line, and that's the ultimate goal. And sometimes you're going to have more activity in market and sometimes you're going to have less, but all in, we want to grow the business, and we were able to grow at over 4% in the first quarter.
Richard McKenney
Yes. And I'd add to that, Joel. When you look at our persistency levels in this quarter, a 90%, I mean our customers are quite happy with what we're doing today. And so we're talking about continuing to increase that and how that plays through in persistency. If we have relationships that are digitally embedded with our customers and their overall satisfaction rates with us are high, they'll stick with us.
But I also want to say, they're good today. They're good today. We're a leader in this space. with the right products, the right solutions, the right capabilities. And so this is about how can we get even better with our customers.
Joel Hurwitz
Got it. That's helpful. And then one on disability. And just taking a step back and looking at experience over the past couple of years versus maybe pre-pandemic -- how much have incidence rates on long-term disability and I guess, recoveries changed. And on the recovery side, can you just help to mention what that improvement has done in terms of reducing average claim duration?
Steven Zabel
Yes. It's Steve. We haven't really put out statistics just around number of recoveries and those types of things. I'll just refer back to some of the comments that we've made in the past. If you go all the way back to pre-pandemic and kind of play the movie forward through the pandemic, we definitely saw increased levels of incidents, but then as we saw that play through in the '23, '24 timeframe, those incidence levels really came back to kind of historical norms and stayed consistent.
Notwithstanding what we saw in the first quarter of this year where they were a little elevated. We kind of feel like we're back in on stable ground there as far as the level of incidents. What was kind of math throughout the pandemic was our recovery rates continued to increase, and you saw that in a couple of ways. One, we made multiple changes to our best estimate assumption within our LTD claim reserve. And so it was kind of a consistent improvement throughout that period of time. And then just as we think about going forward, we felt comfortable with the operational sustainability of the levels of recoveries that we saw in 2024, and those did maintain into the first quarter. So we haven't given specific statistics around that. But just kind of general directional. That's what we've seen really play out from pre-pandemic until the current state.
Operator
Elyse Greenspan, Wells Fargo.
Elyse Greenspan
My first question is just on capital. obviously, you guys gave us the Q2 outlook, which is close to the Q1. You guys obviously have a lot of extra flexibility, right, with the reinsurance deal. So why not raise the buyback and kind of lead in here versus -- I know you guys said you would revisit once the LTC deal closes later this year.
Richard McKenney
Yes. Thanks, Elyse, for the question. I mean I would just step back a little bit from our overall capital deployment plans that have that have been fairly consistent. And I think the big thing here is our capital generation has been significant. We had that last year.
We had that in the plan this year. And so it does give us a lot of flexibility. Like we said, our priorities are going to be about how do we continue to build out those good operating businesses, invest in the right places that can be both on an organic basis as well as M&A, how can we bring new capabilities from an M&A structure.
So you start with that. Then you've talked about -- and I mentioned in my comments, an increasing dividend, which we've done for a period of time. And so those are kind of underpinning type levels that we have out there. And your question focuses on the share repurchase. We purchased $200 million in the first quarter.
As Steve said in his comments, we expect that will increase that, be more than that as we look to the second quarter. The dynamics that we have around that in terms of things we factor in. One, you mentioned the long-term care transaction closing.
So we're looking forward to that and making sure that, that happens at a reasonable timeframe. and then we'll be dynamic. And I think that that's what we've said really coming into last year, given the significant flexibility that we have we're going to make sure that we're dynamic in how we deploy that capital. And so I really don't want to give you much more insight in that. We take all those factors into account as we do that.
We'll give you some more insight as we close the long-term care transaction. But we're going to be active in the markets, like we said, and we do have capacity to do more if the situation warrants. And so we'll give you that view as we work along the way. So appreciate your comment. I'll just take us back to we're in a really good position from a capital perspective.
As we mentioned these levels of liquidity, these levels of RBC are the -- some of the highest we've seen. And we want to return that to our shareholders. After we've done a good job of the growth of the business, but do so in a responsible, but a dynamic way, reflecting the environment that we have around us.
Elyse Greenspan
And then my follow-up is just on sales. you guys reaffirmed the core sales growth outlook for the year. And it seems like you pointed, I think, to some seasonality like last year. So would your expectation be that sales would pick up scheme and be the strongest in the fourth quarter? Or any color you can just give us on the quarterly projection of sales that you see for this year?
Richard McKenney
Yes. Thanks, Elyse. I think this would be a good opportunity to talk to the teams about what they're seeing in the year. I know it is early in the sales cycle. And so we haven't done a lot, but I think we can probably give some good context in terms of what we're seeing and why we feel like our overall sales growth is tracking.
So maybe you start off, Chris.
Christopher Pyne
Yes. Great. Thanks, Rick. Well, we had a great fourth quarter, and obviously, that was a good start to the year. Momentum was a little bit slower, very early in the quarter. But I would point you to the fact that first quarter for group effective dates, particularly on the larger end, I think Steve mentioned in his comments, it can be a little volatile. There just aren't a ton of larger employers that move for [21, 314] and type effective date. So you don't see -- you can see some volatility in those results. We saw that this quarter. But when we look to for the balance of the year, and we're really getting into that exciting sales season for larger employers for 1/1, but we'll see 7/1s and third quarter effective dates in market right now.
Great pipeline as it relates to strong levels of activity but the qualitative element of that relative to targeting customers that will respond well to the tech investments we've made that are very anxious to get into a better situation around leave management where we know we'll have higher close ratios, that is very encouraging at this point. So our teams continue to get better at kind of finding those customers and then the close ratios hold. And again, we really like where we stand right now in the year and are excited for the next 3 quarters.
Richard McKenney
That's great. Tim, we can talk about voluntary benefits had a great first quarter, but I'm talking about how we're feeling about it in the Colonial Life as well.
Timothy Arnold
Yes, sure. So on the B side, we were very pleased with first quarter sales results overall commence about [40%] growth, and that growth occurred across all segments. So it wasn't just a large case here or there that drove it. We saw really strong new client sales growth again across all segments. And that led with persistency slightly above expectations that led to revenue growth north of 5%.
So pleased with that. We're also pleased with the degree to which we're cross-selling into our existing group business block. We're cross-selling into clients who have the tech platforms that Chris talked about earlier. And we're also cross-selling it to clients who had the Unum leave program. So very excited about what's happening on the Unum side. I'll say it for Colonial Life, we're encouraged. We see modest sales growth in the quarter, which led to 2.3% premium growth.
What we're really excited about is in our public sector, again, our most profitable sector, we saw 18% growth in the quarter.
New client sales growth was 11%, so that indicates that new clients see the value prop that Colonial Life brings to the table. As you think about leading indicators, recruiting was up almost 17% in the quarter and sales from new agents were up 34% in the quarter. We also saw really strong growth with our proprietary HRIS platform well above expectations there. So I would say, very pleased on the Unum inside, very encouraged on the Colony life side.
Richard McKenney
Yes. And then, Elyse, internationally, we've had some really strong top line growth here over the last couple of years. And Mark, maybe you can give some indications about how we're feeling for the full year.
Mark Till
Thanks, Rick. Yes, I mean, the Polish businesses continue to have very good growth. You've seen sales growth of 27% quarter versus prior year. The U.K. business has had -- also had very strong growth in its sub-500 live core business, was up about 15%.
What's been a bit harder to come by in the first quarter was large case sales. I think a little bit of global economic uncertainty and a little bit of increased taxing in the U.K. has probably contributed to that. We've also found some of the larger employers is not quite -- not quite passed on increase the size of their sales -- their employee basis quite as much as well. So those 2 things have affected us a little bit, but we're fighting hard for the rest of the year, and we think that we can continue to grow the business nicely.
Richard McKenney
Thanks, Mark. Appreciate the question. It's good to get all those perspectives. That's why we feel good about our top line as we look to the rest of the year.
Operator
Tom Gallagher, Evercore ISI.
Thomas Gallagher
First question, just on disability claims. Rick, you had mentioned that during periods of economic weakness, you see submitted incidents go up but you also see claim denials going up to some extent. Are you actually seeing that? Like when you look at underlying -- I know you said January incidence was higher. Are you seeing kind of that early warning sign that submitted incidents has kind of been rising yet?
Or have you not yet seen that? And also anything in the January rise that you saw for certain industries or an industry that was particularly contributing to that?
Richard McKenney
Yes. No, Tom, I'd be very clear to say that the dynamics we talk about are really potentially forward-looking. I mean, we don't know where the economy is going. There's a lot of speculation about that. But if I go back to January, we were in a very different feeling around where the economy was going, et cetera.
So I'd take you there first. The second is there is a little bit of a lag. So you think about long-term disability policies people have gone through an illumination period, et cetera, before they get to that long-term disability.
So this is not an indication of anything that we see out there correlated to what's going on in the market. That might be way further down the line. That will take a while to actually transpire as we get there. So our discussion around what might happen in a recessionary type environment, a stressed environment, that would be further out into the future. But I think that -- we gave you a little bit of parsing around January.
We don't normally do that to get into that level of detail. It is volatile in a period of time. And so I wouldn't read too much into it, just to say that we haven't hit any kind of trend that we're concerned about at this point.
Thomas Gallagher
And just to be clear, Rick, you're not seeing any early warning signs, if I could call it that, on higher submitted incidents that usually is kind of indicative of you might start to see a pattern?
Richard McKenney
Yes. I'd say, Tom, we're not going to be the place where you see early warning signs. We're going to lag a little bit in terms of what may be transpiring. So it's not that. I think we highlighted, and that's why we talk about is volatility because it's what we see in the first quarter.
So we'll be certainly talking about the trends, depending on whether the economy goes and what it does, but that will be in future quarters, not anything we've seen today.
Thomas Gallagher
Got you. And then my follow-up is just on Valens. One on -- can you just quantify the reserve release that you had in that segment this quarter? I know it was like unusually strong, but how much of that was a onetime reserve release? And then anything else on what's driving the strength in sales and earned premium growth.
It looks like it's mainly individual disability from a numbers standpoint. Was there something in particular driving that? Or it sounds like from the comments made earlier, you expect that to remain pretty strong.
Steven Zabel
Yes, Tom, it's Steve. I'll take the first part of that, and then Chris can handle the sales question. Yes. So yes, I know we didn't disclose the amount. It was right around $14 million of a gain on the recapture of a reinsurance transaction during the first quarter.
That was kind of a onetime thing. It wasn't necessarily a reserve release. It was just kind of the aggregate economics of recapturing a treaty that we had on that block. So that will be something that won't trend going forward and doesn't impact things like necessarily loss ratios and those types of things.
So just so you can scope. The thing that I would say is we still had a very good quarter in supplemental and voluntary, it was above kind of the run rate outlook that we gave of $120 million. So we felt great about how the business performed, even ex kind of that onetime thing, and the sales...
Richard McKenney
Yes. And Tom, thanks for the opportunity to talk about our industry-leading individual disability franchise. It really is a highlight business for us. We don't talk about it nearly enough -- this quarter, it does stand out with double-digit sales growth. I think we're around 11% year-over-year sales growth.
And that came as Tim was referencing earlier on the voluntary side, it wasn't necessarily one large case driving it. It was just a night a bunch of solid transactions coming through. So we love seeing that. It's great coverage, fits very much the attractive retain environment that Rick referenced earlier on. It was coupled with really strong claims results.
So it does show up really nicely in the quarter. But I think overall, please -- always look at the individual disability business for -- as a real highlight leadership position for us.
Operator
Wes Carmichael, Autonomous Research.
Wes Carmichael
In long-term care, I just wanted to touch on that for a minute. It sounds like there was some higher mortality in the quarter, but I think you also called out the impact of capped cohort. So I imagine it's a geography impact, but just hoping you can maybe impact what you saw for LTC experience in the quarter?
Steven Zabel
Sure. I can take that one. Yes. So in the first quarter, we did continue to see some elevated claims incidents. but still feel comfortable with the trends we are seeing and kind of the storyline of getting back to a more normalized claim inventory, I think, continues to hold.
We did see elevated claimant mortality, which is normal for the first quarter just because of the seasonality flu season, that sort of thing. We did see that. I'd say overall underwriting profitability on the block was kind of at expectations, if not a little favorable to our expectations when we set our original earnings guidance for the year on Closed Block. The difference is maybe some of the unfavorable against our ultimate assumptions, experience that we saw were more driven from those cohorts that you would see the impact of that go through the NPR, that were uncapped cohorts, where some of the favorable experience actually came through earnings. They were in more of the cap cohorts.
So you kind of take that all in and you think about the guidance, the full year guidance we gave of 140 to 170, really, the shortfall against what the kind of quarterly amount that would support that would be, was this dynamic around lower alternative asset income for the year. As I said in some of my opening remarks and then a discussion about EPS guidance, we do think -- we do think we will make that up just kind of through our long-term assumption for the year and be able to hit that range of 140 to 170 for the full year.
Wes Carmichael
And my follow-up, I guess, on the expense ratio, it sounds like that was a bit front-end loaded. Can you just talk about are those elevated investments? Is there some stock comp in there and how that's going to trend throughout the rest of the year? And I guess, if I go back a couple of years and I look at your 2023 outlook, I mean, I think the expense ratio is expected to peak a couple of years ago. Are there still investments you need to make in the business going forward?
Steven Zabel
Yes, I'd say it's just a combination of further investments in our operations, including our technology and our people. would be in there. There were some incentive costs that are a little bit heated in the first quarter that drove a little bit of that, and we had anticipated and it's pretty normal of what we see just generally. So yes, we -- as we said our original guidance for both earnings as well as for OpEx ratio levels. We did expect this to be a little bit higher in the first quarter and then trend down and that would still be our expectation.
Operator
Alex Scott, Barclays.
Taylor Scott
I wanted to circle back on macroeconomic sensitivity. You commented some already on discility incidents. But I'd just be interested if you're seeing any early signs of your clients, whether it's small or midsized corporate level, changing behavior at all in terms of how much they're hiring or consuming in terms of group benefits.
Richard McKenney
Yes. Maybe I'll start with the overall economic environment. And you highlighted one, which we did delve into, which is what will happen on the disability of the loss side in that type of environment. I think the other thing we've talked about is premium growth, the growth, how much dependence is there around having a robust economy. So we think that, that is important. We talked about the natural growth there. But we see it as increasing or slowing our premium growth as opposed to taking that away.
The last piece I'd mention too is on the investments front, and we've done a good job of looking hard at our portfolio. especially with potential environments that might come up and feel very good about that. But I think your question was specifically around like how are employers feeling about what we provide to them. And Chris, maybe you can give us some insight in terms of newer conversations or lack thereof that we're seeing with our clients.
Christopher Pyne
Yes. Thanks, Alex. We're still seeing a lot of great focus and energy around companies that are really trying to go get the best talent, bring in top-quality people, they're making moves around the ecosystem of their own technology to run their businesses so that they can create the employee experience that really resonates and they can run their companies efficiently for growth. So we see a lot of bullishness still out there and opportunities to improve.
Leave management kind of speaks to both ends of that. If you think about employers who are trying to put together the best and most flexible leave programs to attract the right type of employees and again, give them the flexibility that they still value but at the same time, make sure that they partner with a player like us who can keep track of everything, make sure that the experience is clear and tight and done in a modern digital way. those are the type of conversations we're having, and we're having lots of them and -- whether we're out with partners like Workday or ADP at some of their conferences, these are robust, exciting conferences and keep us very bullish for the future.
Taylor Scott
Got it. That's helpful. Second question I had is just on long-term care and potential for reinsurance, any updated thoughts on just the capacity that's out there from the reinsurers for long-term care? How is that continuing to evolve? I mean we're hearing some industry commentary that maybe some of the European multi-lines or more interested in some of those related to their capital ratios and so forth and benefits they get.
So are you seeing more opportunities to potentially keep fighting up pieces here?
Richard McKenney
Yes. Thanks, Alex. When we think about -- we've said we're going to continue to be very active in the management of our long-term care business. And the transaction that we had was (inaudible), the third 1 that we've seen out there in the market today. It was a good deal for us.
It was a good deal for our counterparties. And I think when you see that type of environment, it garners a lot of interest when they can look at what it might mean to them and seeing some of the details that we put out there.
And so we continue to be actively in pursuit of these type of things for the interest to ramp up to real evaluation takes a little while, but I think there's certainly interest around this both on the asset side and then when you think about the biometric side as well. And so we feel good that they'll be continued, but this is one of those things as we've talked about in the previous few years, takes time to do. You've got to have the right counterparty, you got to have the right match. We were very, very pleased to get that done.
But the same dynamics exist going forward in terms of how we look at it. So we'll look for an active market and certainly we've got to close this last deal first, but we'll be active out there in the rest of the year.
Operator
John Barnidge, Piper Sandler.
John Barnidge
Can you maybe talk about the macro conditions in international markets? I believe the economy in Poland is generally doing better than in the U.K. So how do you view the opportunity set for international?
Richard McKenney
Great, Mark.
Mark Till
Yes, you're entirely like to say, actually, Poland is one of the strongest economies in the European Union as a whole. And that market has been growing well. We've been growing fast in that market. You'll have seen premium income growth in the quarter of 18%, and we've had a long-term positive trends there. So we continue to be feel good about the Polish market and investing in the Polish market.
And you are seeing the U.K. market has been on a long-term positive trend. I mean our results from the U.K. market now. Earnings are close to that $30 million a quarter mark as they were in quarter 1 this year.
That's significantly up on the pre-pandemic levels. The government is investing hard in growth in the U.K. And it might be against a slightly more difficult global economic background. But I do think, generally speaking, we feel positive about the opportunity in the U.K. to see continued growth.
The health service creates challenges for the employers who need to keep a healthy workforce and we're a very good answer to that problem for employers. So I just see the market trends being favorable for us.
John Barnidge
And then my follow-up question. On recent renewals in the group benefit space, are you still seeing employment expansion in core as well as large markets?
Richard McKenney
Yes. Thanks, John. So just overall renewals, in general, our disciplined approach to kind of going out and bringing customers to the right pricing level. and trying to keep them on a predictable manner is still a good approach that is valued by our employer set and our broker consultants. So we'll continue to do that.
We talk more and more about investments and capabilities during that time. In terms of the growth of these companies and adding employees, wages, we still see that natural growth that Rick mentioned at historical levels.
So that's kind of in a normal spot, which feels good. We love what Tim referenced about adding voluntary benefits to group customers that don't have voluntary. So there's another opportunity for growth. So overall, John, I'd say it feels like a relatively normal time around how we interact with in-force customers, whether we're adjusting price, adding lines or watching their companies grow at reasonable rates.
Operator
Jack Matten, BMO Capital Markets.
Jack Matten
Just the first 1 on statutory earnings, which are strong in the quarter even backing out kind of the internal reinsurance transaction benefit, any color on just what drove that result even though there was some pressure on GAAP earnings this quarter?
Richard McKenney
Yes. Again, when we set our outlook for the beginning of the year, our GAAP outlook and our stat outlook would be set on the same fundamentals we did not view the first quarter as really tremendously challenging from a GAAP perspective. It was fairly close to our expectation across multiple lines. And so as that translated to statutory earnings yes, we viewed ex the impact of the internal reinsurance transaction. We were about $350 million of statutory earnings, and that was pretty consistent with what our planning assumption would have been coming into the year. And I think it translates very well to the full year outlook that we would have given back in January.
Jack Matten
Got it. That makes sense. And then just a quick follow-up on the alternative investment income. I guess is there any risk or sensitivity to the full year outlook, we don't get a market recovery, I mean I know you talked about having some visibility in your returns in the upcoming quarters. Just wanted to think if there's any risk to that that we should be thinking about?
Steven Zabel
Yes. What I would say on that is we're not really looking for market recovery. In essence, the reason that the yield was so low in the first quarter is more around just a reporting lag, where year-end statements are really what's going to be driving our first quarter earnings and just because those structures go through year-end audits, there tends to be more of a delay of those being presented to us to be able to record. So we're not counting on market recovery to get to our full year yield expectation, we're just really counting on a full year of reporting from those investments.
Operator
Jimmy Bhullar, JPMorgan.
Jimmy Bhullar
So first, I just had a question on the disability business. And wondering what gives you confidence or what's different about this business now than prepandemic because prependeic you had mid-70s type benefits ratios, and it was still a very good business, 10% type margins, very high ROEs. And obviously, the last few years has been a lot better than that. But what gives you the confidence that either because of macro factors or because of just competition, we're not going to reset at those types of levels over the next -- not necessarily 1 quarter but over the next 1 to 2 years.
Steven Zabel
Yes, Jimmy, it's Steve. I think what gives us confidence is that operationally, we understand how our capabilities have kind of progressed over the period of time. And I'll go back to the comments I made earlier, where incidents by and large, over the last several years have been pretty consistent with pre-pandemic levels of incidents. And again, setting aside kind of the blip that we saw in the first quarter, and so that seems like a reasonable expectation going forward.
And then from a recoveries perspective, we saw what I would say was progressive, modest improvement really over the last decade of our ability to get people back to work at a faster pace. And it's a combination of us understanding diagnoses and what getting back to work can look like for those through our data capabilities through just our ability to make accommodations for people and get them back to work.
We've talked a little bit about we're in an environment where getting back to work looks different than maybe it did historically. And so we've been able to really take that into account as we work with employees to get them back to work. But we've seen steady improvement over that period of time. Operationally, we know what's driving that improvement in our recovery rates. And so we do think it's sustainable.
The question then that always comes up is just the competitive pricing dynamic and what that could look like. And so I don't know, Chris, if you want to hit on that?
Christopher Pyne
Yes. Thanks, Steve. Just to add. When you get into the competitive pricing and some of the shifts that's happened over the past, say, decade, that's again where I keep getting back to when you're engaged in something that's outside of kind of contracts and provisions and you start getting into managing things like we were connecting into ACM platforms. It does change the dynamic around our importance to that customer.
And suddenly, things like disability premiums, while still price sensitive and still competitive, it just takes the edge off of needing to drive every last dollar out of those kind of line items. And lead management does give us just a tremendous opportunity to engage in a high-volume sort of way with customers a complicated but really important end of the business for them. And again, I do think that's a parcel to what Steve was referencing in terms of our operational excellence that keep us confident in the future.
Jimmy Bhullar
And then just on the LTC NPR going up. It seems like from your comments, that's more of an aberration given results in [GAAP] versus uncapped cohorts. But what should we be looking at from the outside to sort of assess whether the reserves in that business are appropriate? Or what would cause you alarm and make you reassess your reserve position?
Steven Zabel
Yes. Yes. I'll just kind of reiterate some of the things I said earlier. So overall, our underwriting margins were at or maybe even a little bit better than our expectations in the first quarter. And it was a combination of continued slight elevated claim incidents.
And so we continue to monitor that. And those hit those cohorts that would impact the net premium ratio. And so we did see that go up by 10%. But we saw very high claimant mortality which impacted a little bit more actual earnings in the period.
And so in combination, we felt good about the overall underwriting margins for the period. We still feel good as we sit here today about our long-term expectations for both claim incidents and climate mortality. And obviously, we'll continue to monitor that going forward.
Operator
Mark Hughes, Truist Securities.
Mark Hughes
The 17% growth in recruiting in the Colonial Life business. Is that maybe influenced by the macro? Or is that something that you're driving internally?
Timothy Arnold
Thanks, Mark. I appreciate the question. We're very pleased with the recruiting results we saw in the first quarter. I think it's probably the work that we're doing internally. Our teams are very focused on recruiting.
We ran a social media ad campaign, helping -- helping make it easier for people to join Colonial Life. And so we attribute largely to what we're doing internally. We are not hearing people say that they lost a job and they want to be a part of a colonial life now.
Mark Hughes
And then any change recoveries are obviously strong. Any change in the government's approach to disability awards.
Christopher Pyne
Mark, Chris, so security backlog has been a topic that's been discussed at the industry level for some time. We'll continue to discuss that. We love as an industry to help the government get through social security approvals faster. That said, from our perspective, we don't see it as a major factor in our performance right now.
Operator
And there are no further (inaudible) at this time, Rick McKenney. I turn the call back over to you.
Richard McKenney
Great. Thank you, Kayla. I would like to thank everybody for joining us this morning and continued interest in Unum. So as you can tell from our comments today, we remain very focused on executing our strategy and delivering our 2025 outlook. So with that, we conclude today's call and look forward to connecting with you over the coming months. Thank you.
Operator
And this concludes today's conference call. You may now disconnect.
