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For the full year, net sales increased 6% to over $1.5 billion, including positive comp sales for the fifth consecutive year. Net operating profit increased to $92 million while absorbing approximately $16 million of transition impacts. And earnings per share increased 24% to $1.92 compared with $1.55 for 2017. Our record sales and EPS performance reflects the acceleration from our 360 smart beds.

In the second half of 2018, our adjusted net sales grew by 12% and adjusted earnings per share grew by 48%. The momentum in our business continues and we expect to generate full year earnings per diluted share of between $2.25 and $2.75 in 2019. Our strategic consistency, investments and fortitude over the past six years have focused on strengthening our competitive advantages, proprietary sleep innovations, exclusive distributions, and life long customer relationships, which work together to drive results.

We are excited to be in the position of much broader relevance in a changed consumer and competitive landscape. Our initiatives deliver performance through three EPS drivers, which are creating demand, driving leverage, and deploying capital efficiently. We remain committed to using all three of these EPS drivers in 2019 and beyond.

Here are the highlights, starting with demand. Number one, our proprietary sleep innovations remain at the heart of our strategy and are highly differentiated new 360 smart beds have disrupted the commoditized industry. Our proven quality sleep starting at $999 is resonating with consumers and driving unit growth, which increased 8% for the fourth quarter. The value of our smart bed complemented by our selling process is driving average revenue per unit ARU, which increased 5% in the fourth quarter. We expect our growth initiatives to again drive increases in both of these metrics in 2019.

Our 360 smart bed is a key enabler of our future growth. As a sleep innovation leader, we are setting the pace to remain relevant with the fast changing consumer who is adopting smart connected experiences to improve her life. The SleepIQ technology platform which captures over 8.5 billion biometrics data points every night uses artificial intelligence to detect sleep disturbances, movements and biometric changes. Today, this data is used to automatically adjust the comfort of the bed for proven quality sleep.

In the future our high quality data will likely enable customers to use their smart bed to manage their health and wellness. Some examples, include detecting risk or early onset of conditions, such as heart disease and diabetes, sharing biometric data with their doctor to support the diagnosis and monitoring recovery at home following medical procedures. With an exciting innovation pipeline in front of us, we will increase our investments in R&D.

Number two, our integrated marketing and media initiatives drive quality traffic to our purpose driven brand by amplifying the benefits of our life changing innovations. In an environment, a fierce competitive spending for consumers attention, we are breaking through and taking share. Since the full launch of 360 smart beds, we have driven double-digit traffic increases, record brand health metrics and breakthrough ad awareness.

We expect this momentum to continue in 2019, as we advance our initiatives, including our integrated This is Not a Bed campaign effective media buying driven by analytical tools and internal digital buying. Emotionally engaging consumers through brand story telling and leveraging our groundbreaking NFL partnership. With over 1,800 NFL players now sleeping on our 360 smart beds, we are amplifying the link between quality sleep and performance.

Number three, our exclusive distribution with mission-driven sleep professionals converts traffic at high rates. With the simplification of our 360 smart beds, we drove record levels of conversion in the back half of 2018. In 2019, we expect our initiatives to deliver high conversion, strong sales growth from both comp and new stores, and online sales growth that outpaces stores.

Key initiatives in this area include simplification of the research and purchased experience on our website and in our retail stores. Continued market development, as we execute our disciplined real estate portfolio strategy. Our approach delivers a relevant customer experience, as we optimize location, sales, profit and market share in a sustainable manner. We expect to end this year with 615 to 625 stores.

Number four, our life long customer relationships with our brand are a key competitive advantage, as we drive sustainable profitable growth. With digital at the core of our smart beds, customers now interact with our brand every day through SleepIQ technology and are benefiting from the life-changing value. And our digital loyalty program is amplifying this passionate brand efficacy. These individualized interactions result in higher brand engagement and customer activation with over 40% of our sales generated from referrals and repeat purchases.

In the words of one of our customers, we bought the 360 smart bed a week ago and have already noticed a complete change in not only our sleep, but the quality of our waking hours. We are both more rested and energetic and also less disk store and less grumpy. This high level of advocacy is also reflected in our 4.8 star review ratings on 360 smart beds and our number one ranking in JD Power's Annual Mattress Satisfaction Report. We also ranked number one in the top six categories, including support, durability, comfort, features, value, and warranty.

Moving to leveraging our business model. Our lean practices and initiatives are executed broadly across the organization. Continuous improvement methodologies is important for the progression of our robust technology platforms and order fulfillment processes. In the fourth quarter, we realized efficiency gains associated with inventory visibility through our network. Our fourth quarter net sales growth of 13% and strong cost discipline also led to 350 basis points of operating expense leverage for the quarter.

For 2019, while there are headwinds related to tariffs and increasing freight cost. We still expect the benefits from the absence of transition costs, operating efficiency improvements, pricing power, and sales growth to support net operating profit rate expansion. Importantly, we continue to make progress in our supply chain network evolution with the recent opening of our Baltimore assembly distribution center and two, delivery distribution centers. We expect to improve assembly flow, reliability and scale with this multi-year digitally enabled network evolution.

And finally, our third EPS driver efficient capital deployment, strong cash generation and operating with the progressive balance sheet is a key outcome of our differentiated business model and strategy. Along with our Board, we frequently assessed and advance our capital structure to optimize shareholder returns over the long-term. Our capital deployment strategy contributed to our 24% earnings-per-share growth in 2018 and 16% return on invested capital.

Our top deployment priority continues to be investing in high confidence, high return growth drivers. We have invested over $500 million in capital and acquisitions to complete our transformation. Our internal capital demands are now more modest at approximately $50 million per year. In addition to our capital projects, we continue to innovate our products, customer experience and our go-to-market capabilities. This continuous evolution is a primary discipline to ensure consumer relevance over time.

Our second priority is financial liquidity. With favorable financial markets in our business position, we have amended our revolving credit facility. Our larger $450 million revolver provides liquidity to support the ongoing execution of our strategy.

Our third priority is to return excess cash to shareholders. In 2018, we returned $279 million to shareholders through share repurchases, up 86% over the prior year. Our share repurchase strategy is generating double-digit internal rates of return, since its inception in 2012. In 2019, we expect to purchase approximately $125 million to $145 million of our shares.

In summary, we are bullish about our business and our guidance reflects continued strong momentum. I am very proud of the Sleep Number team. Their dedication to our mission and the value they place on our purpose driven brand and culture. Our team is delivering life-changing sleep to consumers. We hear this from our customers every day and it is extremely rewarding to have this level of impact on people's lives.

The execution of our consumer innovation strategy is strengthening our competitive advantages in driving and delivering accelerated growth and performance. We expect our purpose-driven company to generate top-tier shareholder value creation over the long-term. In 2015, we established 2019 long range guidance of $2.75 of earnings per share. In many ways, we are just getting started with our 360 smart beds, which have tremendous potential to add increasing value to consumers well being.

I will now turn it over to David, who will provide more details on the quarter, the year and our guidance.

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Thank you, Shelly. Since 2012, we are completely transformed Sleep Number to enable long-term sustainable profitable growth. In addition to the significant investments of capital, this painstaking work required that we build vital new capabilities. We've prioritized innovation, increasing our R&D spending from 0.7% of net sales in 2012 to about 2% today. This led most recently to the completed rollout of our revolutionary 360 smart beds, which drove 8% reported or 12% adjusted net sales growth and 31% reported or 48% adjusted EPS growth for the back half of 2018.

Consumer adoption of our innovations has led to a 47% increase in our ARU since 2012. We've built and implemented two game changing technology platforms. One, our ERP system is the backbone of our integrated operations providing scale, security and growth capacity. The second SleepIQ technology combines artificial intelligence with adjustable comfort and provides a daily interaction portal for our customers with the Sleep Number brand. We've overhauled our direct to consumer distribution strategy ending 2018 with a healthy portfolio of 579 stores. 41% more than six years ago.

We shifted from 19% non-mall locations to 63% at the end of 2018. With these investments, we created an exclusive best in retail, in-store experience through award winning design, technology enhancements and stores that are about 50% larger on average. Today, we operate more than 580 stores in 50 states, delivering strong economics with meaningful capacity for growth. While advancing our physical retail, we also streamlined our online experience to improve search, product comparisons and shopping cart convenience. Our vertically integrated go-to-market strategy provides a true omni-channel experience for our customers.

Our average annual sales per store, including online is now $2.7 million with 25% of our stores exceeding $3 million in sales annually, up from 12% in 2012. The mattress industry has also changed significantly in the last six years. Today, we compete in a chaotic low interest category with nearly 200 brands. We are taking market share in this environment, because of the actions we've taken, including strengthening our proprietary marketing capabilities. Our econometric model, agile digital marketing and partnerships like the NFL, amplify the Sleep Number brand and breakthrough the competitive quarter with proven quality sleep.

Our 2018 media spend at 13.7% of net sales, demonstrates the effectiveness of our marketing capabilities in a far more complex competitive environment. We are benefiting now from the strategic investments, structure and capabilities that we've built since 2012. Our 16% return on invested capital in 2018 is a 78% premium to the 9% cost of capital, we employ demonstrating the efficiency of our capital and investment decisions. Sleep Number the Company now has sustainable infrastructure we can leverage while Sleep Number the brand is breaking through with consumers. We are delivering superior shareholder value today and are well poised for the future.

Reported net sales in Q4 of $412 million were up 13%, including 8% unit growth and 5% ARU growth. Comp growth was 10% and new stores contributed 3% for the quarter. For the year, record net sales of more than $1.5 billion grew 6%, with 2% unit growth and 5% ARU growth. Comps and new stores each contributed 3 points of growth for the year. For additional performance clarity please refer to Page 10 of the earnings release for a reconciliation of quarterly shifts that affected the timing of sales and EPS within both 2017 and 2018, but had no impact on full year results either year. Our 61% gross margin rate in Q4 reflects a 60 basis point step up sequentially and a 20 basis point improvement versus Q4 last year.

In the quarter, we absorbed $1.5 million of new tariff pressures, while reducing year-over-year transition costs and inefficiencies by $2.5 million as expected. Our full year gross margin of 60.6% included approximately $16 million of gross profit pressures absorbed to transition to all 360 smart beds. Eliminating those transition impacts in 2019 provide the tailwind opportunity that I'll discuss more in a moment. We leveraged operating expenses 350 basis points in the fourth quarter versus the prior year quarter. Key drivers included volume leverage on 13% reported top line growth, 50 basis points of media leverage and lower incentive compensation costs.

On a full year basis, we levered operating expenses 120 basis points. Net operating profit of $38 million in Q4 reflects a 380 basis points lift versus the prior year, as a percent of net sales. For the full year net operating profit grew 1% while absorbing approximately $16 million of transition impacts noted earlier. Q4 reported earnings per share increased 108% and 13% reported net sales growth while adjusted EPS increased 76% on a 11% adjusted net sales growth. Record full year earnings per share of $1.92 increased 24% or 4 times our 6% growth in net sales. Continuing to deliver performance using all three of our EPS drivers in 2018, included $0.18 each from share count reduction, net of interest costs and income tax rate benefits. Together, these gains offset approximately $0.36 of transition impacts observed during the first-nine months of 2018.

For the full year, we generated $132 million of cash from operations and invested $46 million in high value capital projects, including 53 new stores opened in 2018. We also repurchased $279 million of our outstanding shares and ended the year with $186 million remaining under our share repurchase authorization. We are planning 2019 share repurchases of $125 million to $145 million, as we continue to see strong value in our shares. We ended 2018 with $198 million of net debt reflecting continued methodical execution of our capital strategy. We recently expanded our revolver to $450 million, extended the expiration to February of 2024 and increased the leverage covenant to 4.5 times EBITDAR. Our partnership with several leading banks made these changes possible providing liquidity in varying market conditions.

After discussion and alignment with our Board, we are targeting an average leverage ratio of 2.5 times to 3 times EBITDAR. This range is based on benchmarking of relevant companies and ongoing analysis of our liquidity forecasts, as well as downside scenarios. We expect to operate slightly above or below that range from time to time as we execute our strategy. In 2019, we plan to harvest returns while continuing to prioritize investments for long-term sustainable profitable growth.

Our 2019 EPS guidance range of $2.25 to $2.75 is expected to deliver top quartile to top decile earnings performance. This range represents a year-over-year EPS growth of 17% to 43% and 30% at the midpoint. Our EPS guidance assumes a confident consumer in 2019. The EPS range assumes 6% to 10% net sales growth for the full year with higher growth in the first half then in the back half when we lap 12% adjusted growth from the back half of 2018. We see growth opportunity from both units and ARU, as always this will vary from quarter-to-quarter.

We plan to invest $50 million to $60 million in capital projects in 2019. This includes an acceleration to open 60 to 70 new stores in 2019, which we expect to contribute to our planned low-single digit new store sales growth for the year. We expect to improve our gross margin rate 80 basis points to 120 basis points in 2019, while managing through meaningful tailwinds and headwinds. Eliminating the transition pressures absorbed in 2018 provides lift of 90 basis points to 100 basis points. Volume based leverage improved logistics operations and benefit driven pricing are also expected to be 2019 tailwinds.

On the other side, we continue to work diligently to mitigate $9 million to $11 million or 40 basis points to 60 basis points of incremental tariffs, freight and delivery headwinds in 2019. Stronger attach of adjustable bases and bedding products are expected to contribute to sales and profit dollar growth, but also pressure our gross margin rate. Executing our business plans in 2019 is expected to improve net operating profit margin by approximately 50 basis points to 100 basis points. We continue to see opportunities to improve operating profit margin longer term, while prioritizing growth investments to reach more consumers and expand our Sleep leadership position.

We also plan to manage capital deployment headwinds and tailwinds in 2019. We assume a 24.5% income tax rate, which is a headwind versus the 19.6% rate in 2018. Higher interest expense in 2019 will be more than offset by tailwinds from lower share count. We expect the execution of our strategy to deliver at least mid-teen ROIC in 2019 versus our high-single digit cost of capital deployed.

In closing, we are thrilled with the acceleration of our performance in the back half of 2019 -- of 2018 and the momentum leading into 2019. Our dedicated teams continue to execute with passion and vigor, delivering life improving value to our customers results in superior value creation for our shareholders .

Michele, at this point, we'd like to open the line for questions.

Questions and Answers:

Operator

Thank you. (Operator Instructions) Our first question will come from John Baugh from Stifel. Your line is now open.

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

John, are you there?

John Allen Baugh -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company -- Analyst

Yes, I'm here.

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Okay.

John Allen Baugh -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company -- Analyst

Can you hear me?

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yes, thank you.

John Allen Baugh -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company -- Analyst

Okay. I was curious, a little bit I guess on the...

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Sorry John, I think we lost you. Operator is John still with us?

Operator

I do apologize. It looks like we've lost. John. If you can give me one moment. Our next question will come from Bobby Griffin. Your line is now open.

Robert Kenneth Griffin -- Raymond James & Associates, Inc. -- Analyst

Good afternoon, everyone. Thank you for taking my questions and congrats on a great quarter and great into the year.

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, Bobby.

Robert Kenneth Griffin -- Raymond James & Associates, Inc. -- Analyst

I think I know what John was asking. So I'll go ahead and help him out and maybe ask that as my first question, but can you just give us any color on how the tone of the business carried through the quarter I know October orders were up double-digits from the last time we spoke, but how did November and December unfold?

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Bobby. We're very bullish about our business. Our guidance reflects the strong momentum that we've experienced since we move to the new 360 smart beds, I indicated that we've been driving a double-digit increase, since that time and that momentum continues into 2019.

Robert Kenneth Griffin -- Raymond James & Associates, Inc. -- Analyst

Okay. And then David, maybe two modeling questions for you. One, on the cash flow this year, it looks like, cash flow from operations was down about 24%. Can you maybe give some color on some of the drivers of that, if there is any timing issues within the working capital accounts? And then maybe the outlook for 2019?

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Sure, Bobby. We had some changes in our balance sheet going both directions. We had benefits from inventory and we had on a year-over-year cash flow basis and we had some pressures that were associated with our incentive compensation programs. We can go through the complete list, there is also an accounts payable pressure of about $32 million a swing from year-over-year, but we can go through that list with you offline.

And as far as guidance for next year, we've provided a lot of color around the growth we expect, both top and bottom line. There's a slide in the update -- updated IR deck on Page 8, on our website that you can look at. I would just model out EBITDA as a guide post for cash flows and use that going forward for 2019.

Robert Kenneth Griffin -- Raymond James & Associates, Inc. -- Analyst

Okay.That's helpful. I appreciate it. And then I guess lastly from me on G&A, this is just to help tune of the model. Should we expect more of kind of that $32 million type run rate per quarter, next year or I guess a little bit higher. How should we think about that?

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

We are not going to provide a lot of color on the individual line items. What we've done in that slide is, give you the overall rates of our total operating expenses of 54% to 55% of net sales. Variable comp in 2018 was a tailwind for 2018. We expect it to be a bit of a headwind in 2019, as well as -- as we prioritize our innovations, marketing and retail spending to support our growth drivers.

Robert Kenneth Griffin -- Raymond James & Associates, Inc. -- Analyst

Okay. That's helpful. So I can think of it as G&A, maybe a tailwind from of a percentage of sales and then maybe inside the other line items within operating expenses, you could have a little -- I'm sorry, G&A as a headwind from a percentage of sales standpoint and then tailwinds with inside the other line items from operating leverage. Is that fair?

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Not necessarily. If you just look at the modeling how we're calling it out, Bobby, I called out that we expect 80 basis points to 120 basis points of gross margin rate improvement and overall, our operating profit is expected to increase from 50 basis points to 100 basis points. So what that implies that we are not expecting a ton of leverage out of our operating expenses in 2019, as a result of the things I just mentioned.

Robert Kenneth Griffin -- Raymond James & Associates, Inc. -- Analyst

All right. I'd appreciate that and help them to clean up the model. Best of luck going forward in '19 and once again, congrats on the EBIT growth here in 4Q, really nice to see that pickup.

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Great. Thanks a lot, Bobby.

Operator

Our next question will come from John Baugh with Stifel. Your line is now open.

John Allen Baugh -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company -- Analyst

Can you hear me now?

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yes, John.

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Hi, John.

John Allen Baugh -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company -- Analyst

Sorry about that. I guess, I was on the consumer, it sounds like, Shelly you're cutting through some of the macro noise, obviously a lot of concern around Christmas with the stock market, you have still some mall-based stores. But it sounds like things have held fairly steady, because of all the various things you're doing with products at digital marketing et cetera. Is that a fair characterization or did you see a big drop-off and then a big recovery, since the markets recovered?

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

No, your description in the beginning is a fair characterization. We've seen consistent growth since we introduced the new 360 smart beds and we're carrying at non-double-digit momentum into the new year.

John Allen Baugh -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company -- Analyst

Good. And Shelly, how was the mix now -- I guess it's been about six, seven months, we've had the full smart bed 360 on the floor? Is the mix about where you thought it better or worse? Thank you for all the units guide. I'm just curious is that tracking on a mix basis about where you thought?

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Great question. This is an important topic and when we look at our brand messaging, that is clearly breaking through on proven quality sleep at $999, that drives quality traffic to our brand. And then our selling process and our mission-driven team, convert that traffic throughout the line finding the best product for our customers. So we're really happy with the results that we're seeing, we had a similar series mix as we had prior to the 360, but yet you can see the unit and ARU growth as a result of bringing more customers into the brand overall.

John Allen Baugh -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company -- Analyst

Okay. And my final question is, you mentioned a record conversion rate -- your conversion rates always been high?

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah.

John Allen Baugh -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company -- Analyst

Maybe on a call like this, you don't want to give out the secret sauce, but is there any color you can give us, as to what you think drove that improvement?

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Again, a number of factors, first of all, we talk about driving quality traffic, so, not all traffic is equal. And this is such an important area right now with so much media spend in the marketplace to be able to cut through and have high quality traffic. In the higher quality traffic also leads to stronger conversion, so it's certainly a factor. Another important factor is just 360 smart bed, it's a much simpler sale for our sleep professionals. And especially when you consider that in -- for the past year, they were selling both our online as well as some models in the smart bed. Now it's streamlined, we've learned a lot about how to sell that bed and their mission-driven and having a bed that has proven quality sleep and our customer testimonials and advocacy is so strong, and we have the 4.8 rating on the beds. When you can get that kind of value equation as a consumer, it converts on high quality traffic, strong conversion based on the incredible product that we're offering in a very commoditized marketplace.

John Allen Baugh -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company -- Analyst

Great. Thanks. Based on what we've seen it took significant share in the fourth quarter. So good luck.

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Absolutely. We think so too. Thank you.

Operator

Our next question will come from Brad Thomas with KeyBanc.

Bradley Bingham Thomas -- KeyBanc -- Analyst

Hi. Good afternoon. And let me add my congratulations as well on a solid year here.

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, Bradley.

Bradley Bingham Thomas -- KeyBanc -- Analyst

Wanted to ask about advertising first and get a sense of how you're thinking about advertising as a percentage of sales this year and maybe your appetite to crank up the level of marketing, you're dealing, given that stores have been reset with the new product and we have all these new partnerships out there like the NFL?

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. As we think about our media as a percent of sales in 2019, we expect it to be similar to '18. We've said for a few years, around that 14%. We are at 13.7% in 2018. We did drive an increase in media in the back half, then we will continue to here in 2019.

Bradley Bingham Thomas -- KeyBanc -- Analyst

Great. And then Shelly, with respect to the outlook for stores, I guess, could you give us a sense for your latest thoughts on what the long-term number of stores should be for Sleep Number in the United States and how many today are still candidates for relocation or repositioning or remodel?

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Great. Our distribution strategy is in such a key element of our sustainable, profitable growth and we continue in an evolutionary manner with great discipline of execution here. And we're excited about our -- where we are and our growth opportunity in front of us. We're clearly on paying significant number of stores this year in a retail backdrop that is not necessarily -- where that's not necessarily the case.

For us, we still have markets that were further developing, but importantly there are great relocations too. We had a number of them just in the last few weeks that have just been phenomenal out -- right out of the gates and particularly in some of our more mature markets and continuing to have a healthy real estate portfolio and making sure that you're not just opening your store and leaving it sit there over time and focused only on store count. This is about sustainable profitable growth it's about driving top and bottom line and we really like some of our great performances right now in relocations, and seeing how much more we can take out of a marketplace when we're constantly evolving and improving that location-based on where the consumer shopping in each local market.

So, we haven't put a number out there on how many stores. We had stated that our target for 2019 would be between 600 and 650 and that's where we're coming in. We still see growth potential and we are also signaling that online sales are important to us too, and we expect our online sales to continue to outpace our store growth in just percentage of growth overall, but it's obviously on a very small base.

Bradley Bingham Thomas -- KeyBanc -- Analyst

Great. Thank you very much.

Operator

Our next question will come from Peter Keith with Piper. Your line is now open.

Peter Jacob Keith -- Piper Jaffray Companies -- Analyst

Hi. Thanks. Good afternoon, everyone. I just wanted to look at the full year guidance of $2.25 to $2.75 what's call the midpoint in $2.50, so it is down about $0.25 from what you were telling us about three months ago of targeting $2.75 and the bottom end of the sales range came down a couple of percent too. So -- and I think sound like you have some good momentum in the New Year and it sound good. I guess, could you help us frame up what the changes were from a couple of months ago.

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, Peter. As I stated, our business is performing really well. Our guidance reflects the strong momentum that we've experienced with our new 360 smart beds and that has continued into 2019. Our EPS guidance range of $2.25 to $2.75 represents a 17% to 43% growth versus our $1.92 EPS for 2019. And we believe that will represent top quartile to top decile performance. And finally, I would just add that the execution of our consumer innovation strategy has strengthened our competitive advantages. We're driving accelerated performance and confident in how our business is performing.

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

I'll add on Peter that, if we also given you a little bit of color about the front half versus the back half growth and we are expecting stronger growth in the first half and then mid-single digit kind of growth in the back half as we lap the 12% adjusted growth from 2018.

Peter Jacob Keith -- Piper Jaffray Companies -- Analyst

Okay. That is helpful. And then, certainly on the tariff front the headwinds there are very understandable. What are the logistics and transportation headwinds right now? And I guess, thinking that most companies saw that in 2018, but are now potentially looking that as a slight tailwind for '19?

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Well, we saw last year too, we highlighted it, it's certainly still exist. And there's a slide in the IR deck that outlines the headwinds and tailwinds. And there's also labor pressure. We have home delivery in our business model as well. And if there is labor pressure in that arena too.

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Just Peter the continued challenges for the trucking industry to hire enough drivers that continues to be a pressure point that we anticipate for -- to be a headwind in 2019. We are also -- while gas has been favorable recently. The labor rates have been high. You see a lot of people issuing bonuses or hiring bonuses for just to attract people into these jobs. So we expect that to be a headwind for us in 2019.

Peter Jacob Keith -- Piper Jaffray Companies -- Analyst

Okay. That's all. Fair enough. And actually David one last quick question for you. So thanks for framing up the the targeted debt-to-EBITDA range. Where do you guys stand at the end of 2018?

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

I think its 2.7. I just want to look it up 2.7.

Peter Jacob Keith -- Piper Jaffray Companies -- Analyst

Okay. Thank you very much and good luck.

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

2.8%, thanks. Okay.

Operator

Our next question will come from Seth Basham with Wedbush. Your line is now open.

Seth Mckain Basham -- Wedbush Securities, Inc. -- Analyst

Thanks a lot, and good afternoon.

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Hi, Seth.

Seth Mckain Basham -- Wedbush Securities, Inc. -- Analyst

Hi, there. So you've talked about some growth expectations in terms of both units as well as ARU in 2019. If we look at the fourth quarter results and we back out the $24 million from the backlog shift. We're looking at -- look at implied comparable store unit growth. We actually saw declines. I'm trying to understand why that is and what gives you confidence for 2019 ? Are you expecting declines in comparable store unit growth or you just taking things little reverse?

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Well, first of all, I'll speak to ARU and unit growth overall and we do expect growth from both metric in 2019.

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. Seth, I think you're reaching pretty hard to try and find a blemish in these results. Frankly, we had really impressive growth. We provided you a slide on Page 10 that highlights the impacts from all the shifts both in 2017 and 2018, delivering on an adjusted basis, 12% top line growth in the back half, a 11% in the fourth quarter that included both ARU and units and comp.

Seth Mckain Basham -- Wedbush Securities, Inc. -- Analyst

Got it. Understood. I'm not trying to take anything away from your results and certainly it seems like you have some momentum in the business, but to that effect, you talked about strong double-digit order growth for the first-two weeks of the quarter Shelly last time, we spoke, your results ex-backlog shifts suggest there's a slowdown for the balance of the quarter. First of all, is that correct? And have we seen an improvement into 2019?

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Since, we introduced the 360 smart beds Seth, we have had a double-digit growth in our business and that has continued in 2019. And we have had growth from both units and ARU. We expect that in 2019. We will have quarterly fluctuations on the units and ARU. So when we're up against closing out the C series, we drove a lot of units last year at a lower margin on that closeout. We'll have some fluctuation there. We often talk about that because we always will on a quarterly basis, but again we'll see growth from both in the full year.

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Again just to highlight again over a longer period of time the back half of the year and going into 2019, we're saying -- we've had strong double-digit growth. So you mean there has -- that's a very long stretch of period of time for us to be talking about. If you want to look at day to day or month to month there are always going to be fluctuations. But that's a really strong performance over a long period of time.

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

And it's been consistent.

Seth Mckain Basham -- Wedbush Securities, Inc. -- Analyst

Very good. Thank you, guys.

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Thanks a lot.

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Thank you.

Operator

Our next question will come from Matthew McClintock from Barclays. Your line is now open.

Matthew McClintock -- Barclays -- Analyst

Hi. Yes. Good afternoon, everyone. Earlier, you referenced the chaotic industry environment and clearly your performance to date appears pretty solid. I was wondering if you could give us just an overview of what you see across the industry so far this year, especially as we enter the all important Presidents Day weekend, maybe from a promotional standpoint or just from a competitive standpoint? Thanks.

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Sure. Yeah, I'm primarily speaking to the amount of media dollars in the marketplace and the number of brands with a variety of different messages. There is a lot of -- what I would say clutter for the consumer to sort through. In the end, this is the type of environment that we've been operating in and it continues and we are breaking through with a strong message of proven quality sleep starting at $999 with our Sleep Number 360 smart beds. And yes, this heavy spending environment, particularly around search terms continues in the first quarter of this year. And at the same time, we're speaking to the momentum, that we've been driving here in the first year continuing as well.

Matthew McClintock -- Barclays -- Analyst

Thanks for that. And then, if I could just get one follow-up. Just, you talked about the reloads, and I was wondering, if you could give us any -- you're pretty optimistic about how those perform. I was wondering, if you give us any metrics toward how reload typically performs in terms of maybe 4-wall uplift or sales uplift or anything, just so we can get our head around that?

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

There are couple of pages in the deck that go into a fair amount of detail on Slides 16 and 17, that provide a fair amount of detail on our distribution strategy and how we execute against that and it does illustrate some 4-wall profit based on average revenue per store too.

Matthew McClintock -- Barclays -- Analyst

Okay. Thanks.

Operator

Our next question will come from Keith Hughes with SunTrust. Your line is now open.

Keith Brian Hughes -- SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc. -- Analyst

Thank you. (inaudible) to Shelly, looks like this is going to be a heavy store opening year just in terms of units, I mean, the biggest we've seen. And I think you had said on the guidance for '19 revenue, will it be a low-single digit contributor. It seems like it would be more than that based on the numbers, what kind of I'm missing how this is going to work?

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. It's heavier year than the last year. The first half of last year, we are so focused on the introduction of the full line of smart beds. When we've had some other years in the recent past, that have been in this large as well and it always includes a combination of net new stores along with closures and relocations.

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

And also depends on when the store gets opened in the course of the year. The number of store weeks that it's actually opened during the course of the year, that it contributes to your results and it's on the larger store base overall.

Keith Brian Hughes -- SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc. -- Analyst

Now it looks like from a net, you're going to increase your stores, about 7% this year. So I would normally assume about half that would contribute you're saying it's less than that. Is that right?

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

If you're splitting the dividend 6% to 8% growth in the range that we provided of 62 (ph) million, yeah.

Keith Brian Hughes -- SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc. -- Analyst

(inaudible) provider.

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. We said we got 3% growth in 2018 from new stores and that's a little higher than that and with -- we are saying low-single digit growth in 2019 from new stores.

Keith Brian Hughes -- SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc. -- Analyst

Okay. And then...

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

And we opened, we were a little heavier in opening our stores in the back half, post 360 implementation.

Keith Brian Hughes -- SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc. -- Analyst

And the remainder of the organic growth, I think you sort of split between ticket and units for us?

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

It's fair to settle at it that way on an annual basis. Yeah, again. Yeah, quarterly fluctuations yeah.

Keith Brian Hughes -- SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc. -- Analyst

And so when you work those numbers down, it's positive number that's based on some of your -- I just -- I expected it to be higher on the units given you've retranche the whole line is, Is there anything else within the numbers there, that's a mix thing, I'm missing or something like that -- that would impact just the raw calculation?

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Well, in the back half, units were up 8% or, excuse me, 6% and in fourth quarter, they were up 8% that's on an as reported basis not adjusted for the shifts that we talked about. But that's when we saw the acceleration that we've been highlighting from the 360 smart beds.

Keith Brian Hughes -- SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc. -- Analyst

Okay. Thank you.

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Thanks a lot.

Operator

(Operator Instructions) Our next question will come from Michael Lasser with UBS. Your line is now open.

Michael Lasser -- UBS Investment Bank -- Analyst

Good evening. Thanks a lot for taking my question.

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Hi, Michael.

Michael Lasser -- UBS Investment Bank -- Analyst

Hi, Shelly. So, you seem to be really confident and excited about the tenure of the business. In 90 days ago, you knew, you're going to have a tough comparison in the back half. So what's changed last 90 days, that has resulted in the midpoint of your 2019 top line guidance to be ratcheted down by 100 basis points in the low end of you ratcheted by down by 200 basis points?

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, Michael. We're providing guidance today for our 2019 performance and it reflects the momentum we've experienced with -- since we've introduced a 360 beds. It also reflects a 17% to 43% growth in EPS, but those 30% growth at the midpoint.

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Michael, I'll just add on that. We haven't provided detailed guidance for 2019 before this call. So I -- we provided a walk that helps you think understand how we were thinking about going from 2018 performance, which had a guidance midpoint of $1.85 and bridging that to the 2019, 275 target. Today is the first time that we are actually providing you our detailed guidance for 2019 and this is how we're thinking about the business.

Michael Lasser -- UBS Investment Bank -- Analyst

Okay. I guess, the slides are really you look back at that third quarter slide of the past, in the past you provided for your guidance they are very similar, so I guess that's where the changes being interpreted, but it sounds like, you guys don't see that necessarily the change, is that fair?

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, it's a guide map to help you understand how we're thinking about the business and how we can deliver against the guidance we just provided.

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah And we mentioned on the slide, the last quarter that it was illustrative. And then for this year now closer in, we have some headwinds and tailwinds that we've detailed out as well and providing guidance today on 2019, that includes the 275 target.

Michael Lasser -- UBS Investment Bank -- Analyst

Okay. Understood. And as my follow-up, your range of outcomes for this year, in terms of earnings is a 57 range, it's much greater then you've provided in the past, but then typically a $0.15, $0.20 range, maybe $0.30 last year. Why is it wider and what could drive the upside case then, what could drive the downside case? Is it all dependent on sales?

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Well, first of all, the sales spread that we've associated with our EPS guidance is about 4 points. We said 6% to 10% growth. And as far as the different variables, I think looking at the headwinds and tailwinds, can give you a good illustration there's varying degrees of where they will come in and that's a good way to think about it.

Michael Lasser -- UBS Investment Bank -- Analyst

Okay.

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

It's helpful. Let me just weigh in a little bit to, this is as a percentage of that -- of that dollars that we're talking about of our actual guidance, it's not that much different. And we've got benefits from both share count reduction, and tax rate that make incremental impacts on EPS basis much more. So those have also been taken into account and how we're thinking about the guidance range.

Michael Lasser -- UBS Investment Bank -- Analyst

Understood. If I could sneak one last one in. In light of fact that you are committing to a higher leverage ratio, Dave? Should we assume that heavy drain from working capital that occurred in the fourth quarter reversible, or at the very least not going to continue gain into 2019?

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, yeah, I mean a lot of that was the impact from our accrued compensation, incentive compensation programs and those things, certainly are -- do fluctuate from year-to-year. We did, I called out earlier 32% or $32 million swing in our AP impact on the cash flows year-over-year, but those things are going to change based on the amount of inventory, the amount of media that happens at timing of media et cetera. So those will -- those will always fluctuate.

Michael Lasser -- UBS Investment Bank -- Analyst

Okay. These are helpful answers. Thank you very much.

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Thank you.

Operator

Our last question will come from Curtis Nagle with Bank of America. Your line is now open.

Curtis Smyser Nagle -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

Good evening, and thanks very much for taking my questions. So I guess that the first one is, let's talk about pricing, a little bit just kind of looking back at the past maybe six, three months or so. It looks like you guys have taken price on a number of models some perhaps fairly materially and it does seem to be a bit of a change in stance relative to at least a year ago. I know you guys have made some commentary about your pricing power, but just wondering if that is the case, how much you've taken and then just how should we think about (Technical Difficulty) this year.

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, Curtis. We over time have talked about our ARU growth and that it represents approximately 3% pricing that is almost always associated with additional benefits for the consumer. And that number is still extends through, so it's a good way to think about it. Overall, we did take a $100 of price increase on the P&I series in October, but still that falls into that 3% overall ARU growth.

Curtis Smyser Nagle -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

Okay. Fair enough. And then just kind of curious through a little bit more of your thoughts when you made reference to. I guess an assumption for a confident consumer. I guess, just looking at the most recent indices we're still at high levels, but it is declining. We're going to start lapping tax rates, housings, softening who knows what happens with trade. I guess what's -- what gives you confidence or what is behind that assumption of a strong consumer through the year?

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. When we look at our overall guidance in the environment that we've been operating in -- since, we introduced the full line of 360 smart beds. We would characterize the consumer as confident. And generally, our business is most correlated with consumer confidence and that's what we've experienced. And we've been able to perform with double-digit growth throughout this environment with our 360 smart beds. Clearly, the industry hasn't performed at that same level and that's I'm sure what's on people's mind. But we are, and with a confident consumer and a strong value equation like the 360 smart bed, starting at $999, we are confident in our ability to take share and convert those customers and give them a quality night sleep with our smart bed.

Curtis Smyser Nagle -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

Got it. Thanks very much. I appreciate it.

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, Curtis.

Operator

I would now like to turn the call over for closing remarks. Thank you.

Dave Schwantes -- Vice President of Finance and Investor Relations

Thank you for joining us today. We look forward to discussing our first quarter 2019 performance with you in April. Sleep well and dream big.

Operator

This concludes today's conference. Thank you again for joining today's conference call.

Duration: 62 minutes

Call participants:

Dave Schwantes -- Vice President of Finance and Investor Relations

Shelly R. Ibach -- President and Chief Executive Officer

David R. Callen -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

John Allen Baugh -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company -- Analyst

Robert Kenneth Griffin -- Raymond James & Associates, Inc. -- Analyst

Bradley Bingham Thomas -- KeyBanc -- Analyst

Peter Jacob Keith -- Piper Jaffray Companies -- Analyst

Seth Mckain Basham -- Wedbush Securities, Inc. -- Analyst

Matthew McClintock -- Barclays -- Analyst

Keith Brian Hughes -- SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc. -- Analyst

Michael Lasser -- UBS Investment Bank -- Analyst

Curtis Smyser Nagle -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

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