Yahoo Finance

Our outline for today's call is, first, I'll review the quarter on a consolidated basis for Alphabet, focusing on year-over-year changes. In order to facilitate comparisons of this quarter's results to prior periods, we have also provided the tax-affected line items, excluding the impact of the US tax legislation enacted at the end of 2017. You can see the components in our earnings press release. Second, I will review results for Google and then Other Bets. I will then conclude with our outlook. Sundar will then discuss business and product highlights, after which we will take your questions.

Starting with a summary of Alphabet's consolidated financial performance for the quarter. Total revenues were $32.3 billion, we're up 24% year-over-year and strong across all regions US revenues were $15.4 billion, up 21% year-over-year. EMEA revenues were $10.3 billion, up 24% year-over-year. In fixed FX terms, EMEA grew 22%, reflecting strengthening of both the euro and the British pound. APAC revenues were $4.7 billion, up 30% versus last year and up 32% in fixed FX terms, reflecting weakening of the Japanese yen. Other Americas revenues were $1.9 billion, up 31% year-over-year and up 30% in fixed FX terms, strengthening of the Canadian dollar.

On a consolidated basis, total cost of revenues, including TAC, which I'll discuss in the Google segment results, was $14.3 billion, up 34% year-on-year. Other cost of revenues on a consolidated basis was $7.8 billion, up 34% year-over-year, primarily driven by Google-related expenses. Specifically, costs associated with operating our data centers and other operations including depreciation, hardware-related costs for our expanded Made By Google family of products and content acquisition costs primarily for YouTube.

Operating expenses were $10.4 billion, up 19% year-over-year in particular reflecting an increase in marketing spend given the holiday season.

Stock-based compensation totaled $1.8 billion. Headcount at the end of the quarter was 80,110, up 2,009 people from last quarter. As in prior quarters, the majority of new hires were engineers and product managers. In terms of product areas, the most sizable headcount additions were once again made in cloud for both technical and sales roles, consistent with the priority we place on this business.

Operating income was $7.7 billion, up 15% versus last year, and the operating margin was 24%. Other income and expense was $354 million. We provide more detail on the line items within OI&E in our earnings press release. Our provision for income taxes on a reported bases includes $9.9 billion for items associated with the US tax legislation, resulting in a reported net loss of $3 billion and loss per diluted share of $4.35. Excluding the impact of the US tax legislation, our effective tax rate was 15%. Our net income was $6.8 billion, and earnings per diluted share were $9.70.

Turning now to CapEx and operating cash flow. Cash CapEx for the quarter was $4.3 billion. Operating cash flow was $10.3 billion with free cash flow of $6 billion. We ended the quarter with cash and marketable securities of approximately $102 billion.

Let me now turn to our segment financial results starting with the Google segment. Revenues were $31.9 billion, up 24% year-over-year. In terms of the revenue detail, Google sites revenues were $22.2 billion in the quarter, up 24% year-over-year, led again by mobile search, complemented by solid growth from desktop search and strong performance from YouTube.

Network revenues were $5 billion, up 13% year-on-year, reflecting the ongoing momentum of programmatic and AdMob. Other revenues for Google were $4.7 billion, up 38% year-over-year, fueled by hardware, cloud, and Play. Finally, we continue to provide monetization metrics to give you a sense of the price and volume dynamics of our advertising businesses. You can find the details in our earnings press release.

Total traffic acquisition costs were $6.5 billion or 24% of total advertising revenues and up 33% year-over-year. The increase in sites TAC as a percentage of sites revenues, as well as network TAC as a percentage of network revenues, continues to reflect the fact that our strongest growth areas, namely mobile search and programmatic, carry higher TAC.

Total TAC, as a percentage of total advertising revenues, was up year-over-year, reflecting primarily an increase in the sites TAC rate, which was modestly offset by a favorable revenue mix shift from network to sites. The increase in the sites TAC rate year-over-year was driven by changes in partner agreements and the ongoing shift to mobile, which carries higher TAC because more mobile searches are channeled through paid access points. The underlying trend affecting the network TAC rate year-over-year continues to be the shift to programmatic, which carries higher TAC.

Google's stock-based compensation totaled $1.7 billion for the year, up 1% year-over-year. Operating income was $8.8 billion, up 11% versus last year and the operating margin was 27%. Accrued CapEx for the quarter was $3.8 billion, reflecting investments in production equipment, facilities and data center construction.

Let me now turn and talk about Other Bets. I'll cover results for the full year 2017 because it remains most instructive to look at financials for Other Bets over a longer time horizon as discussed on prior calls. Results for the quarter are in our earnings release. For the full year 2017, Other Bets revenues were $1.2 billion, up 49% versus 2016 primarily generated by Nest, Fiber, and Verily. Operating loss was $3.4 billion for the full year 2017 versus an operating loss of $3.6 billion in 2016.

Other Bets accrued CapEx was $507 million, down from $1.4 billion in 2016 primarily reflecting a reduced investment in Fiber. We're pleased with our progress across Other Bets.

A couple of updates: Nest turned in a strong holiday performance in the fourth quarter across an expanded family or product in energy, safety, and security. In 2017, Nest products also became available in 12 new countries, more than double the number in 2016. Verily wrapped up its first field study seeking to reduce the transmission of diseases through mosquitos with positive results. And just like week Onduo, a joint venture between Verily and Sanofi, began a limited commercial launch of its diabetes management platform.

At Waymo, progress is accelerating. For example, Waymo surpassed 4 million miles of driving in the real world taking only six months to achieve the last million miles compared to about 18 months for our first million miles. And in November, Waymo announced that it is the only company to have a fleet of driverless cars on public roads that are completely autonomous without anyone in the driver's seat.

Let me close with some observations on our priorities and longer-term outlook. Our 23% revenue growth in 2017 was powered in particular by the ongoing extraordinary performance of our site's business. Both mobile and desktop search continues to grow and benefit from our approach to innovation with strong momentum as we identify additional opportunities to enhance the user and advertiser experience. As we've consistently emphasized, alongside the continued momentum in our advertising business, we are focused on building a second wave of growth within Google over the medium and long-term, which in includes the rapidly growing revenue businesses in Google cloud, hardware, and YouTube.

With respect to cloud, we are seeing the benefits of a fully featured enterprise offering and an expanded go-to-market team bringing our advantages and infrastructure, data analytics, security, and machine learning to more customers. And we're pleased with the momentum in our hardware business in 2017 driven by an expansion in both our product line and geographic availability. Finally, as we look further into the future for our third wave of growth, we remain excited about the longer-term potential for our Other Bets businesses.

Overall, operating income was up 22% year-over-year in 2017, excluding the impact of the EC fine, although there was obviously fluctuation in the rate of operating income growth quarter to quarter. Within cost of revenues, the biggest component is traffic acquisition costs reflecting our strong revenue growth in mobile search and the fact that mobile search carries higher TAC than our desktop business. While we expect sites TAC to continue to increase as a percentage of sites revenue, reflecting ongoing strength in mobile search, we anticipate that the pace of year-over-year growth in sites TAC as a percentage of sites revenue will slow after the first quarter of 2018.

Within OpEx, we are keenly focused on prioritization in order to optimize the resources we are investing for longer-term growth. As I discussed on last quarter's call, marketing spend in the fourth quarter is significantly elevated, in particular, supporting hardware but also across cloud and YouTube. For 2016 we remain excited about the investments we are making to drive the next phase of growth in our big bets in Google and cloud, hardware, and YouTube, and our machine learning efforts, which are powering innovation across our businesses. You'll see us continue to support our priority areas with increased headcount, which will remain concentrated in R&D. With the closing of our deal with HTC earlier this week, for example, we've added 2,000 employees to support our hardware business.

With respect to SPC, we've completed the transition to a single, annual compensation cycle for employees with a full-year equity refresh grant to employees in the first quarter of 2018. Our biannual grant to SVPs will also occur in the first quarter, and you will see the combined setup in our first quarter results.

For our Other Bets in 2018, we will continue to calibrate the magnitude and pace of investment appropriate to their individual execution paths.

Finally, our framework for capital allocation is unchanged from our prior discussions. The primary use of cash continues to be to support organic growth in the business. We're excited about the significant opportunities we've identified in our businesses and continue to invest appropriately. We then layer in a sensitivity analysis regarding potential M&A as well as CapEx, in particular, computing infrastructure, to support the needs of these growing businesses. The most sizable catalyst for added investment in computing power include the expanding application of machine learning efforts across Alphabet as well as additional requirements for Google's cloud, search, and YouTube businesses. This framework further considers complementary uses such as a share repurchase. After taking these potential investments into account, our board has decided to extend our share repurchase program up to an additional $8.6 billion of Class C capital stock.

In conclusion, 2017 was another great year, and we are very excited about the opportunities ahead. I will not turn it over to Sundar.

Sundar Pichai -- Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Ruth. Our teams are off to a great start in 2018. This year is special as it will mark 20 years since Google was founded. A lot has changed, but our mission, organizing the world's information and making it universally accessible and useful, remains the best guide for the next ten years. Technology is an incredibly dynamic industry. We've been laying a foundation for the next decade as we pivot to an AI first company, powering the next generation of Google products like the Google Assistant. And we have been making substantial investments in our three biggest bets: cloud, YouTube, and hardware. These bets have enormous potential, and already they are showing real momentum and gaining traction.

Today, I'll start by sharing some of the exciting progress in these three big bets. First, Google Cloud. Google Cloud, which includes Google Cloud platform and G Suite has reached meaningful scale, and I'm excited to share today that it's already a $1 billion per quarter business. In fact, we believe that Google Cloud platform, based on publicly reported data for the 12 months ending December 20, 2017, is the fastest growing, major, public cloud provider in the world.

We are also increasingly doing larger, more strategic deals with customers. In fact, the number of deals worth over $1 million across all cloud products more than tripled from 2016 to 2017. The strength of our products and the value of working with Google is increasingly clear to partners and customers.

In the fourth quarter, we forged new and deepened existing partnerships with industry leaders, including Cisco for open hybrid environments, Salesforce for customer insights and productivity, and SAP for AI and data insights across their products. These collaborations span our entire companies from engineering integration to marketing programs to join sales. And they cover Google Cloud platform, G Suite, and Google Analytics.

We also saw accelerating customer traction on our [events included] global brands like Bed Bath & Beyond, Dentsu Aegis Network, Keller Williams, Mattel, and Tyco Retail Solutions. And underscoring the increasing importance of Google Cloud to the enterprise, we surpassed another new milestone: 4 million paying customers on G Suite.

Next, YouTube. Every month more than 1.5 billion people come to YouTube to watch their favorite content on channels ranging from The Ellen Show, which has more than 22 million subscribers, to the NBA with over 8 million subscribers, to SciShow, a really popular educational channel with more than 4.5 million subscribers. In fact, there are over 1 billion learning related videos views every day on YouTube. I learned that this week.

With all this great content, people are thinking of YouTube more as a key part of their TV viewing experience. For Tuesday night's state of the union, more partners used YouTube to live stream the address than ever before generating 5 million live views. And just yesterday we announced a partnership with Major League Soccer's LA Football club. YouTube TV will be the exclusive home to watch all locally televised, English language matches in addition to their original programming and content. YouTube TV is now also available on Roku.

There is great momentum around the world with localized versions of YouTube now in 90 countries in 80 different languages. Just this morning, we announced that we are expanding the popular YouTube Go app to over 130 countries around the globe. The app has great data usage, transparency, and controls built in, which is especially useful for people living in regions with limited connectivity.

In the fourth quarter, we also strengthened our relationship with the music industry signing new licensing deals with Sony Music Entertainment and Universal Music Group. We also partnered with Ticketmaster to help fans buy tickets to see their favorite artists perform live.

Third, our growing hardware business. Our Made by Google hardware products were very popular this holiday season. Device shipments in the fourth quarter have more than doubled year over year. Our retail partners also saw strong performance. Our devices are available in stores like Best Buy, Target, and Walmart. I'm especially excited about the popularity of our Google devices for the home, like, the Google Home Mini, Max, and Chromecast. In the last year, we have sold tens of millions of these devices and counting. I want to call out the great work of our marketing and design teams. Our hardware is beautiful individually and as a family, and people love discovering the unique features like the built-in Google assistant.

Earlier this week we officially closed our deal with HTC, which will bring great talent to drive even more innovation in the years to come.

Turning to our efforts in machine learning, our AI research and innovation leads the world. Our mission to better organize the world's information has been transformed by these technologies with our search products and the Google Assistant at the heart. This great momentum around the Google Assistant as we bring it to more people on more devices. It's not available on more than 400 million devices, including speakers like Google Home, as well as Android phones and tablets, iPhones, headphones, televisions, watches, and more. People love to use the assistant on all these devices.

There was a lot of excitement around the Google Assistant at Sears from partners and consumers, where we brought the Assistant to new surfaces like smart displays from brands like JBL and Lenovo, as well as Android Auto, which is now available in more than 400 car models from brands like GM, Hyundai, and Volvo.

One area that's really benefiting from our advancements in AI is photography. The Pixel 2 phone is the leader in video rankings by industry standards with smoother and clearer videos thanks to machine learning and our video stabilization technique. And Google Photos continues to go from strength to strength. On New Year's Eve alone, over 3 billion photos and videos were uploaded to Google Photos.

More broadly, we want everyone to be able to use machine learning for their own needs. We recently gave Google Cloud customers access to AutoML, which makes it far easier to build complex neural nets. Since it launched a few weeks ago, over 10,000 customers have already signed up try it.

Lastly, I'll give a quick update on our computing and advertising platforms. First, Android. To provide a better, more tailored experience for our next billion users, we made Android Oreo Go edition available for our device partners. This year we expect to see Go devices from dozens of manufacturers and with great support for mobile operators and app developers around the world. I'm confident that this will bring the power of smartphones to many more people for the first time.

Google Play is also growing well. Just last week we introduced audiobooks so you can now catch up on your favorite books at any time on multiple devices. And in Latin America, the number of unique monthly buyers on Google Play grew by over 50% year-over-year in 2017.

Chromebooks also continued to gain momentum and traction. Third-party research tells us that fourth-quarter sales of consumer Chromebooks in the US grew by over 70% year-over-year.

Moving to our advertising platforms, which help large and small businesses. As shopper turn to their mobile phones this holiday shopping season, Google was central to helping them discover new brands, compare products, and find the best deals. We redesigned the mobile shopping experience on Google bringing more product information to the forefront, like reviews and rating. We are also making the payments experience simpler, safer, and more consistent.

We brought our payments efforts together as a new Google Play, which shoppers can use to pay online, in stores, and across Google products like Chrome and the Play store. Companies like Airbnb and Instacart are using Google Pay to speed up mobile checkout. And Hotel Tonight found that customers using Google Pay are 65% more likely to complete their bookings.

We also have really strong momentum in-app promotion adds. The majority of our app promotion campaigns are now using universal app campaigns, which is part of our focus on simplifying the advertiser experience.

Additionally, we introduced a new, playable ad format in Google Play that allows users to sample games before they install. Ads and Google Play are performing really well for developers, and our app promotion business on YouTube is flourishing. We launched major initiatives, such as total visit measurement and location-based ads formats to drive online to offline commerce.

We have focused on making sure YouTube is a great place for users and advertisers while helping creators earn money from popular content. In addition to the significant work, we are doing to protect users and stop abuse on the platform, just a few weeks ago we announced changes to advertising on YouTube, including stricter monetization criteria, new manual reviews for all videos in Google Preferred, and simpler controls for marketers. The feedback we have received from advertisers and creators so far has been really positive.

So as you can see, our making great strides in our biggest bets, and I'm proud of the work we are doing across the company. I'm also incredibly proud that as Google grows, we are making significant contributions to our partners, the economy, and the local communities. Our business continues to benefit our partners around the world. This includes news publishers, app developers and YouTube creators who we share revenue with. Over the last four years, our partners have earned over $100 billion. That's incredible, and we are working on new ways to drive even more value to our partners.

In the US, specifically, we have offices and data centers across 21 states, and we planned to hire thousands of people across the US this year. Last year in the US, we grew faster outside the Bay area than in the Bay area. To support this growth, we'll be making significant investments in offices across nine states including Colorado and Michigan. We'll also be building or opening five, big, new datacenters in the US.

And with digital skills and high demand by employers, our Grow with Google initiative will help job seekers and small businesses gain education and skills to help them succeed. Just a couple of weeks ago, we announced that we are creating an IT support certification program that will give thousands of people scholarships and job opportunities. More than 10,000 have already signed up, which is amazing.

I want to thank all our employees, Google users, partners, and advertisers around the world. I couldn't be more excited about what's in store for all of us this year. With that, I'll hand it back over to Ruth.

Ruth Porat -- Chief Financial Officer

Thank you, Sundar, and we will not take your questions.

Questions and Answers:

Operator

Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen on the phone lines, if you would like to ask a question at this time, please press * then 1 key on your touchtone telephone. If your question has been answered or you wish to remove yourself from the queue, please press the # key. And to alleviate any background noise, we ask that you please mute your line once you've asked your question.

And our first question comes from Eric Sheridan of UBS. Your line is now open.

Eric J. Sheridan -- UBS Securities LLC -- Analyst

Maybe two, one for Sundar, one for Ruth. Sundar, coming out of CES and the success you had with Google Home and the Google Assistant during the holiday period based on the blog post you guys put out, can you identify some of the key investments in either partnerships or hardware or capabilities that you're targeting over the next one to two years to make sure the momentum around Assistant is sustained?

And then, Ruth, looking at cost of goods sold, that came in quite a bit higher than we thought, and you were lapping a one-time charge, if we have it right, versus the year-ago period. Maybe you can talk a little bit about some of the pressures in cost of goods sold that were either seasonal or maybe a new normal in terms of a higher level going forward? Any color there would be really appreciated.

Sundar Pichai -- Chief Executive Officer

On the Google Assistant and Google Home, we are very excited about the momentum we saw in CES. It actually reflects work we've been doing for a while. Google Assistant in some ways brings together all the technology we've been building for years. And it's an extension, and it's supported by Google search as well. We're also thinking about our capabilities, broadly beyond just one device alone, and that's what we are doing here across phones, across all surfaces. So, that's something big we are focused on.

And the second is we always build ecosystems, be it Android or Chrome or Chromebooks. We work with many, many partners and scale up things, right? And so we are leveraging those best practices and trying to build us in a way in which the entire ecosystem can ship products with Google Assistant and generate value. So, I think the framework is great, and long-term our investments in AI will directly manifest to us capabilities for users through the Google Assistant. So, I'm very bullish on it.

Ruth Porat -- Chief Financial Officer

And then in terms of the gross margins, it obviously reflects our product mix, and as you know well, the TAC rate for each of sites and network is a percentage as revenues lines does continue to increase because they are our strongest growth areas, namely mobile search and programmatic and so carry higher TAC. But as I indicated in my opening comments, we do estimate that the year on year increase in the sites TAC rate will slow after the first quarter of 2018. And then the other thing to note, other cost-to-revenue does reflect the seasonality of hardware. Having increased both the number of products in the Made by Google family as well as continue to expand geographically in western Europe and A Pac, you can see that reflected here.

Operator

And our next question comes from Heather Bellini of Goldman Sachs. Your line is now open.

Heather Bellini -- Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC -- Analyst

Two quick questions, one for Ruth and Sundar. I guess, Ruth, just to follow up on your comments there. The partner agreements which you just cited, is there any color you could give us on how these typically work? And what I mean by that is are they typically multiyear deals on average, and how do we think about these impacting the rate of change in TAC, since you were talking about the pace of growth in TAC, as we look out-call it in year two-if these are multiyear deals?

And then for Sundar, I guess I wanted to follow up a little bit with what we saw at CES, but how do you think about Voice? And given the significant number of devices and market, how do you think about in the future about traffic acquisition strategies on these devices as you look five years down the road? Is there any reason to think that the strategies might be different that you're gonna follow as you look ahead than what we've seen over the past-call it-since the advent of the iPhone? Thank you.

Ruth Porat -- Chief Financial Officer

So on your first question, there's not much really that I'm gonna be able to add there. Given the ongoing momentum in our mobile search business, this does continue to be relevant as you look forward given mobile carries higher TAC. But the rate as per your question is also reflected changes in partnership agreements. So, all factors considered, we expect the year-on-year increases will slow after the first quarter of '18, and as I've said on many of these calls, we're very pleased to have a very strong position in a rapidly growing market. And that momentum goes continue. I guess the only thing to add is that Q4 TAC as a percentage of revenue does benefit from the fact that the fourth quarter is a seasonally strong quarter for YouTube. So, quarter-on-quarter changes are less insightful because [CAC] is distinct from TAC. It's not in this number but not much more to add there.

Sundar Pichai -- Chief Executive Officer

Heather, on voice, we're very excited about voice. We, obviously, see it being adopted strongly. In countries like India, it's actually a significant part of just mobile search queries in general, and things like Google Assistant and doing Google Home kind of really actuates the trend. We definitely see more multi-modality. So, as you saw, we also announced many smart displays at CES, and I think that'll be an exciting trend as well. So, we'll bet on all of that. In general, I think we want to be there for users when they need us, and we want to serve everyone. This is why we work across the ecosystem. We do first-party devices. We do it globally, and so we are committed to doing that well. So, I think it'll be an extension of how we've approached search from day one and trying to serve everyone. And so I don't overall see a big shift.

Operator

And our next question comes from Douglas Anmuth of JPMorgan. Your line is now open.

Douglas T. Anmuth -- JPMorgan Securities LLC -- Analyst

Some big news earlier this week just in terms of Waymo with FCA talking about delivering thousands of minivans to Waymo later in the year, so I was hoping, Ruth, you could just talk to us more about the timing for that business and how we should think about the economic model there as you move to operations and deployment phase.

And then secondly, the cash, now obviously much more accessible in terms of what is held overseas, can you just talk more about your plans there? Obviously, a bigger buyback there but still not meaningful in terms of the overall size of the company.

Ruth Porat -- Chief Financial Officer

So first on Waymo, we do remain very excited about the opportunity with Waymo and our continued progress on multiple fronts. In particular the rider program in Phoenix, we're excited about, and we're expanding our testing to more states. In November we announced that Waymo's self-driving tech reached a major milestone becoming the only company to have a fleet of driverless cars on public roads that are completely autonomous. And that builds on our more than 4 million test miles drive in the real world in 7 states, 25 US cities. We're currently self-driving 10,000 miles every day with billions of miles in simulation and robust testing at our private facilities.

So more to your question, we do continue to explore a range of options beyond the program we're piloting in Phoenix, including ridesharing and personal use vehicles, logistics, deliveries, and working with cities to help them address public transportation objectives. That being said, our first commercial application is a ride service that we will launch in 2018 that would be open to members of the public in Phoenix, and riders will be able to use a Waymo app to hail one of our fully driving, self-driving cars without a driver at the wheel. So, very excited about that.

And then in terms of cash, I think the main point as we think about it is there's no change in our approach to our capital allocation framework. We've consistently been focused on long-term investing. We talked a lot about that already on this call, and our framework has been therefore very consistent. The priority, the first use, is organic. It's investing in the many opportunities that we have, and the second is strategic. And we do remain active with smaller M&A deals in particular to support our cloud business and hardware. The HTC deal, which we just closed, is a good example of that. Third is CapEx, and we continue to invest in machines to support growth we see across Google but in particular, supporting cloud, search, YouTube and all that we're doing in machine learning.

And then finally that leaves return of capital, and when we considered all of that, that's what led us to have the board extend the share repurchase program, which we announced a couple of years ago. And we'll let you determine what that number represents in true Google fashion, but it's just a modest increase to what we've been doing previously.

Operator

Thank you, and our next question comes from Brian Nowak of Morgan Stanley. Your line is now open.

Brian Nowak -- Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC -- Analyst

Thanks for taking my questions. I have two. The first one, Ruth, you called out desktop search, I think, for the second straight quarter as being relatively strong. Can you just talk about some of the drivers of the strength of desktop, and how do you think about the sustainability of continued strong desktop growth into 2018 and beyond?

The second one kind of a question on search query volume. There's often speculation and question marks around how consumer behavior is changing in e-commerce and whether Google is still capturing as many e-commerce searches. Could you just talk to what you're seeing in a retail search query volumes and search user growth within e-commerce in the United States?

Sundar Pichai -- Chief Executive Officer

Overall, look. Obviously, search is very broad, and even when you talk about a commercial thing, we serve across many, many categories including things from travel to hotels and to services, to products, and so on. So, we're very, very comprehensive. And, obviously, e-commerce is evolving a lot, and we continue to invest there.

Google Shopping is doing well, and we work hard to make sure we bring the best experience possible, which is why as it evolves with search and Assistant we partner with companies like Walmart, for example, to make it much easier to buy products and so on. So, we invest a lot there. You're right. Consumer behavior is changing, but we are comfortable given the breadth of how we do things and how we are focused on user experience there.

Ruth Porat -- Chief Financial Officer

And on your question on desktop, there really isn't one particular item to call out here, and that's why last quarter I tried to walk through the process that our team goes through. And the way they look at innovation's really stepping back and recognizing that the way we all use smartphones and desktop is continuing to evolve. So, therefore, there's utility in challenging assumptions about evolving user behavior and advertiser preferences. And that opens new lines of inquiry, which benefits not just mobile but also desktop, and desktop did deliver solid revenue growth. It does remain an important form factor for certain, more complex tasks such as planning vacations or assessing insurance options. And we're pleased with ongoing strength. I'll leave it to you to do any of the forecasting, but we just view it as yet another value form factor and are really pleased with the performance there.

Operator

Thank you, and our next question comes from Anthony DiClemente of Evercore. Your line is now open.

Anthony DiClemente -- Evercore -- Analyst

Thanks for taking my questions. I have one for Sundar and one for Ruth. Sundar, on YouTube, you mentioned the 1.5 billion people come to YouTube. Any other information you can give us there on user growth or engagement trends would be great? Anything on time spent, I mean, particularly as YouTube becomes more mature and mobile video, particularly North America, gets more competitive? And then also on YouTube, anything around new products or features driving the monetization or ad business?

And then, Ruth, just a question on the growth in marketing spend in the fourth quarter. I think you said that the 4Q was significantly elevated. Should we interpret that to mean that the growth rate in selling and marketing year-over-year should decelerate off the 4Q? And then just related to that, are you getting a good return on investment from this marketing spend, particularly when you think about media mix and all the spend that we've seen on TV as compared to digital marketing?

Sundar Pichai -- Chief Executive Officer

On YouTube, we are continuing to see great momentum. Maybe one area, which for example highlights how well it's doing, is if you think about YouTube on TV, people actually weren't watching YouTube on the big screen. Our growth has been significant there. So, increasingly, people use YouTube. We see it being used across every possible use case. I said it earlier in the call. Every day we get over 1 billion views on educational content alone. People use it to go catch up on sports, music, entertainment, and so you can think about the breadth. Historically, YouTube has been very strong on mobile and continues to be strong on mobile. It's doing particularly well in the next billion-user markets. Our growth last year was very strong there, which is why we supported it with investments like YouTube Go. And we are seeing it now grow well beyond mobile, especially in the living room. So, a lot of momentum there.

Ruth Porat -- Chief Financial Officer

And then in terms of sales and marketing, as I said, it particularly supported hardware but was also supporting cloud and YouTube. Both Sundar and I have said these are important Google growth areas for us, and we are investing to support growth in the business. The elevated levels this quarter did reflect both seasonality and a strategic decision to invest in these brands. And so we view it as a very important part of the overall investment and what we view as very sizable opportunities. And it's both supporting the brand and the momentum, therefore, going into 2018. But there's a very specific product focus as well.

Operator

Thank you, and our next question comes from Daniel Salmon of BMO Capital Markets. Your line is now open.

Daniel Salmon -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst

Sundar, I'll go with a European theme. First, curious to hear your thoughts on the potential impact of GDPR, maybe both on your own sites and properties and how any business practices may need to be adjusted for that but also for tools like Customer Match that your advertisers may use? And then, second, I'll take a shot at it. Any update on your dialogue with EU officials and regulators on the proceedings there?

Sundar Pichai -- Chief Executive Officer

Good question. I was just in Europe last week. It was exciting to be there. There's clearly momentum we feel in terms of how Europe is doing, and we are very committed to the region. We are opening new offices there. We announced an AI center. We are committed to hiring more engineers and supporting staff there. So, it's an important market for us.

On things like GDPR, we have been thoughtfully engaged there. I think it's important to put privacy first for European citizens, and we are very supportive of the work that's under way there. And we are committed to complying with GDPR across all the services that we provide in Europe. There's still time. As a reminder, it doesn't go into effect until May or so, and we are working to make sure all our products are ready. And we'll work hard to make the transition well.

In terms of, again, with the European Commission, we have long had constructive conversations. We are understanding their concerns and responding with thoughtful changes, and we'll continue engaging in a thoughtful way.

Operator

Thank you, and our next question comes from Colin Sebastian of Robert Baird. Your line is now open.

Colin Alan Sebastian -- Robert W. Baird & Co., Inc. -- Analyst

First, Sundar, your comments on Google cloud were upbeat, and I wonder how much of the momentum there is related to machine learning capabilities offered as a service. If you could frame just how important that is for the cloud business overall. And then as a follow up on Google Home or the voice-based Assistant, if there's any update in how you're thinking about monetization from a transactional perspective, transactional model with perhaps retail partners, or do you see an ad-based model emerging here as well?

Sundar Pichai -- Chief Executive Officer

On the first thing, Colin, on cloud, particularly this last quarter we obviously brought AutoML to our Google Cloud customers. To me, that shows the rate at which we are bringing our internal advances. It's just a year ago. I remember being with the team, and they first showed me the AutoML work. We spoke about it at Google IO, and it's pretty cutting-edge work. And to turn it back around and to provide it for everyone in the world, I think that shows the power of what we can do with Google Cloud and get our state of the art and get it to everyone.

I think the momentum there, obviously, is due to our strength in machine learning; the kind of open, agile, development environment we provide; security; and then the combination with G Suite. But above all, I think we've been doing cloud now for 19 years because Google itself was built on a cloud platform. But where the momentum is really coming from is over the past two years we've put a lot of effort to make sure we are enterprise-scale ready. So, now we can handle any type of enterprise, any kind of [regulated] complexity, security complexity, and so on. And that's evident in the business, whence we are seeing. So, we are signing customers who are very large across the board, globally, and I think that's driving a lot of momentum there.

On your question on Google Home and voice-based assistant and how we are thinking about monetization, there are a lot of interesting ideas internally. Teams are excited about trying new things. We see a lot of potential, but the guidance I've given the teams is to be squarely focused on user experience. We are really getting started. I think these are gonna be powerful technologies, but there are areas where we clearly feel all of us fall short for doing right by users and matching their expectations. So, you'll see us focused on user experience there for a while to come.

Operator

Thank you, and our next question comes from Michael Nathanson of MoffettNathanson. Your line is now open.

Michael B. Nathanson -- MoffettNathanson LLC -- Analyst

I have one for Sundar and one for Ruth, both on YouTube. So, first question was as Google Preferred kicks up a little heat on the types of qualities that make the cut for your videos, do you feel that you have to take a more active stance in looking at what is in Google Preferred-sorry-YouTube Preferred? And how are you going to go about that?

And then for Ruth, the past year was one where we heard a lot about brand safety, and I wonder when you look back at the YouTube results in '17, is there any noticeable signs of maybe a shift in that spending from some of the brands who are making those complaints? So those are my questions.

Sundar Pichai -- Chief Executive Officer

I can probably talk about both as they're related. We obviously want to make sure YouTube has a great experience for users, content creators, and advertisers because it supports content creators. And we took a lot of steps last year, but particularly in December, we adopted a new [regress] approach. And that's the much more stringent standards for creators. For example, they need a thousand of subscribers to eligible for monetization. We are manually interviewing Google Preferred videos. We obviously use machine learning to support that a lot, and they both go hand in hand. They provide improved controls for marketers, and we're also working with trusted third-party vendors to assess brand certi-bility. So, it's a comprehensive approach to make sure all of this works well, and so while there have been concerns, we are working really hard to address them and respond strongly. So, I think we are focused on the long-term opportunity here, and I think we are setting ourselves up well for the years ahead.

Operator

Thank you, and our next question comes from Ken Sena of Wells Fargo Securities. Your line is now open.

Ken Sena -- Wells Fargo Securities -- Analyst

Just a question. Searches seem to be coming more qualified through travel as far as filtering, the price that people want to pay, locations, amenities, etcetera. Is there any trend that goes along with that in terms of maybe depressing search volume growth to some extent because of the more filtered aspect? And then, secondly, does the higher qualification trend tie in at all to the shifts toward programmatic in terms of other parties that might be involved or the discussion that we've had around TAC? And then, maybe too just as a follow-up, if you can provide just a little bit more color on Google Pay in terms of what might be different this round versus previous attempts?

Sundar Pichai -- Chief Executive Officer

Maybe I'm not fully sure I understood all the specifics there, but at a high level as people are on the go, they're traveling, etcetera, if anything I think search is more invaluable than ever before. All the work we do in local searches applies incredibly when you travel. The properties that we have like Google Maps, etcetera go along with it. So, overall, I think they all up to a better user experience and hence a better opportunity for us.

Google Pay turns out to be an important part of all of this. As we move from just answers to helping users complete actions over time, including transactions, their ability to complete the transaction is an important part of it, which is why making sure Google Pay in a unified way works as seamlessly as possible is a big part of our long-term strategy.

Operator

Thank you, and our next question comes from Stephen Ju of Credit Suisse. Your line is now open.

Stephen Ju -- Credit Suisse Securities, LLC -- Analyst

Sundar, I think Ruth cited hardware in the prepared remarks as the largest contributor in the fourth quarter for the other revenue line. As you look at the roadmap going forward, you acquired the HTC engineers to bring that team in-house. So, it looks like for the first time you have an integrated hardware and software team under one roof. So, how do you think your product development pace and strategy will change for smartphones and other devices going forward? And also does it make sense to bring the Nest team to be more integrated into core Google as well given the drive to increase the touchpoints for all the Google products to other form factors?

Sundar Pichai -- Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Stephen. Great question. You're right that part of the reason we are so excited about being able to bring this world-class team in-house is while we've been working together already, we've had to straddle a company boundary to do that. But now having them as googlers will really make that integrated development, which is so critical for us to do it better. We bring a unique approach to hardware: the combination of AI plus software plus hardware. So, being able to get those teams working together I think will really drive the pace forward. And the best example of that is you see the advances we have made with both still and video photography on our phones.

The Nest team is very closely aligned with the Google hardware team. We work hard to realize a lot of synergies there. We already share a lot of our go-to-market efforts, and we increasingly are collaborating on product development as well. So, we collaborate closely, and I'm excited at the possibilities there as well.

Operator

Thank you, and our next question comes from Justin Post of Merrill Lynch. Your line is now open.

Justin Post -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

First, for Sundar, it didn't feel like there were many visible search changes this year as far as coverage or ad formats. So, I would love to hear your thoughts on search innovation pipeline as you look out to '18 and key growth drivers going forward?

And then Ruth, in the prepared remarks, there was a lot of comments on investment in your medium-term business growth drivers-offices, data centers, and other areas-and just wondering if you view 2018 upcoming as an investment year or kind of more of the same of what we've seen over the last couple of years? Thank you.

Sundar Pichai -- Chief Executive Officer

So, Justin, when you think about search, one of the ways that I encourage you to think is we think about user journeys. So, a lot of the innovation that we are doing has gone on to not just an individual query and how we respond but how we think about what a user is trying to accomplish over a series of sessions. Are you trying to plan a trip, and how do we do it better? Do you have a health-related area where you're trying to learn more about it? How do we help you through that? And so it's not always just changing a specific format but understanding context better and bring you that information through a journey.

So there's a lot of innovation that's happening in that direction, and also underlying is what is said earlier. It's not just providing the answers. How do you help them get to that information and act on it? And so maybe you found something and you want to call that place, or maybe you're trying to order a birthday gift, and we actually want to go a step further and help you buy that gift. So, that's along the lines, and the innovation is happening across search and Assistant in an integrated way.

Ruth Porat -- Chief Financial Officer

And then in terms of your investment question, we've consistently been investing across Alphabet, and we've tried to be very clear about our investment priorities-all with a view to supporting healthy, long-term growth. That goes back to the inception of the company. The year-on-year OpIn growth that you've seen does include these sustained investments for all the areas that both Sundar and I have talked about, for the year up 22% versus last year, obviously, a lot of variability in growth quarter to quarter. And we just continue to be focused on doing the right things to support growth of the business.

The fourth quarter does reflect the obvious seasonality. And, again, we continue to look across the various products at their needs and try and prioritize, but we remained committed to long-term growth.

Operator

Thank you, and our next question comes from Ben Schachter of Macquarie. Your line is now open.

Ben Schachter -- Macquarie -- Analyst

Can you discuss the evolution of the business model for Waymo? You're launching the ride-hailing service in Phoenix. You've worked with manufacturers. You talked about other models, but when you think about the sort of five to 10-year view of that, what will the primary business model look like?

And separately, can you talk about what is interesting from a strategic point of view about the video game business? You're making some key hires there, and I'm just wondering what you think Google can bring to that industry that would be innovative.

Ruth Porat -- Chief Financial Officer

So on Waymo really not much more to add. We're really pleased after years of work on technology where it was really about safety, safety, safety, and developing the technology and the platform. And now we're in a position where we have this opportunity to let people use and benefit from what we've developed. I think that safety has been a key driver, and the opportunity for cities has been really exciting what it means about optimizing resources space that they have. So, it's still very early days, and we're pleased with all the progress the team's made. But it would be getting ahead of ourselves to go further out than what we've laid out here.

Sundar Pichai -- Chief Executive Officer

On the video gaming side, I think we maybe today have a lot of momentum in these areas both with YouTube as a platform, Google Play. So, these are assets which really work well, and we'll continue investing there. Nothing new or interesting to share with you at this time.

Operator

Thank you, and that concludes our question and answer session for today. I'd like to turn the conference back over to Ellen West for closing remarks.

Ellen West -- Head of Investor Relations

Thanks, everyone, for joining us today. We look forward to speaking with you again on our first quarter call.

Operator

Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for participating in today's conference. This does conclude the program, and you may all disconnect. Everyone, have a great day.

Duration: 58 minutes

Call participants:

Ellen West -- Head of Investor Relations

Ruth Porat -- Chief Financial Officer

Sundar Pichai -- Chief Executive Officer

Eric J. Sheridan -- UBS Securities LLC -- Analyst

Heather Bellini -- Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC -- Analyst

Douglas T. Anmuth -- JPMorgan Securities LLC -- Analyst

Brian Nowak -- Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC -- Analyst

Anthony DiClemente -- Evercore -- Analyst

Daniel Salmon -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst

Colin Alan Sebastian -- Robert W. Baird & Co., Inc. -- Analyst

Michael B. Nathanson -- MoffettNathanson LLC -- Analyst

Ken Sena -- Wells Fargo Securities -- Analyst

Stephen Ju -- Credit Suisse Securities, LLC -- Analyst

Justin Post -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

Ben Schachter -- Macquarie -- Analyst

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