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In the mobile communications market, second quarter revenue was also flat to first quarter, as forecasted. We expect third quarter mobile revenue to be up almost 25% sequentially, due to production ramps of flagship smartphones. Our overall revenue is expected to grow about 15% sequentially in the third quarter. We also have a positive view of the fourth quarter, which leads us to believe that the worst of the recent slowdown is behind us. We have taken advantage of open capacity in our factories to speed new product and technology qualifications, accelerate quality improvement initiatives and improve manufacturing efficiency. These efforts have helped us secure new design wins, which are expected to drive growth in the second half of this year and into 2020.

As a technology leader, Amkor has all of the key enabling technologies our customers need. Most of these technologies were originally developed to meet the demanding requirements of mobile communications and high performance computing customers. Now, many of these same technologies are being deployed in other markets, including automotive. In general, automotive customers are highly sensitive to performance and reliability. So our proven flip chip technology is a perfect fit for high pin count ICs found in ADAS and other data intensive automotive applications. Our Advanced Wafer Level Fan-out Technology is a popular choice for automotive radar applications, allowing our customers to eliminate substrates and improve performance.

Finally, our advanced SiP technology is a great fit for high end automotive infotainment systems, where performance is paramount. We believe that we are the leading outsourced assembly partner for many of the top companies they design and build ADAS image processor, automotive radar, high end infotainment and other automotive subsystems.

And with our strong technology platforms, we are well positioned to capture future growth opportunities. Technology is very important for automotive customers, but is only one of many factors critical to success. Equally important are an automotive quality culture and a track record of continuous improvement. Due to the extended life cycles of automotive products, long-term supply stability is an important issue. Suppliers must demonstrate a long-term commitment to operate and invest in key factories. We believe that Amkor checks all the boxes for automotive customers: performance, quality and reliability, best-in-class technology, stability, and a long-term commitment to the business. And we're familiar face, we've been building automotive grade ICs for more than 40 years. We are encouraged by recent trends in our automotive business. In the first half of 2019, advanced packaging revenue in the automotive and industrial market was up more than 15% year-on-year. Increased electronic content in our strong competitive position were the key factors that drove that growth. In the third quarter, we expect automotive and industrial revenues to grow mid-single digit sequentially. Both advanced and mainstream revenues are forecasted to grow. The growth in mainstream revenue is encouraging, it may indicate that downstream inventory issues are abating.

In closing, I'd like to note that the capex controls we've put in place last year have not impacted our momentum in areas important to our future growth, such as the development of new capabilities, the expansion of capacity in key growth areas such as advanced SiP and flip chip and our continuous quality improvement initiative.

Megan will now provide more detailed financial information.

Megan Faust -- Corporate Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Thank you, Steve, and good afternoon, everyone. Today, I will review our second quarter results and provide some comments about our third quarter outlook. Our second quarter 2019 revenue of $895 million came in as expected, flat with the first quarter. Similar to the first quarter, our factories we're focused on cost control, resulting in gross margin at the high end of our guidance range.

Operating expenses were lower than expected, primarily due to reduced discretionary spending. In addition, we had a modest gain in Q2 of $3 million on the sale of real estate in Japan. A combination of better gross margin and lower operating expenses drove operating income margin up 100 basis points sequentially to 2.5%. Our second quarter loss per share of $0.04 includes a charge of $0.03 per share, related to the early redemption of our $525 million senior notes due 2022.

As a reminder, we refinanced these notes last quarter, pushing out the maturity five years to 2027. We ended the quarter with over $550 million of cash on hand and total liquidity of over $700 million. Our strong balance sheet and liquidity allow us to continue to invest in new growth initiatives across our end markets.

Before I turned to guidance, I would like to note that we begun a three year project to rationalize our wire bond manufacturing footprint in Japan. The project will require some modest incremental expense over time, which we see as a prudent investment in the business. Future growth with our Japanese customers will largely come from advanced products, which are built in factories outside of Japan where we have scale.

Moving on to the third quarter outlook, we expect the 15% sequential increase in revenue, that Steve mentioned earlier, to have a positive impact on operating margin, net income and EPS. Third quarter gross margin is expected to be in the range of 12% to 16%. Gross margin expansion will be constrained by changes in product mix and mid-year cost increases.

Operating expenses are expected to be consistent with Q2, adjusted for the $3 million gain on the sale of real estate. Generally, our effective tax rate is around 25% subject to a minimum level of taxes, not dependent on our income. We expect the bottom line to be in the range of a net loss of $7 million or $0.03 per share to net income of $41 million or $0.17 per share.

We remain focused on capex discipline, which includes continued allocation of capital to key growth opportunities. We are holding our target for 2019 capex payments unchanged at $475 million. We have a goal of generating positive free cash flow in 2019, which would represent our fifth consecutive year for this key metric. We reacted quickly to the industry slowdown and demonstrated the resiliency of our business model. Our focus on cost control and capex discipline together with our positive view of the second half should enable us to meet our free cash flow goal.

With that, we will now open the call up for your questions. Operator, you may begin the polling now.

Questions and Answers:

Operator

[Operator Instructions] We have your first question from Sidney Ho with Deutsche Bank.

Jeffrey Rand -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst

Hi, this is Jeff on for Sid. Congratulations on a good quarter managing expenses. Going forward, how much more room is there to manage OpEx or gross margins without impacting the business?

Megan Faust -- Corporate Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Hi, Jeff. So with respect to operating expenses, we have done a fairly good job this year reducing those. I would say, for the rest of the year, if you would have look at that, we still anticipate about a mid-single digit reduction OpEx. As it relates to cost of goods sold and given that we're expecting an increase in demand for the second half. We would expect some of those costs to come back with volume.

Jeffrey Rand -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst

Great. And then 5G has been kind of a popular topic through earnings. Can you guys just talk about that opportunity and kind of where the biggest opportunities? Is that on the infrastructure side now? Or kind of when you get to the 5G handsets in a few years?

Stephen D. Kelley -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, Jeff, I think of 5G in three basic areas. One is handsets, of course, one is the infrastructure and one is an automotive. And so we're working in all three of those areas to gain share. So essentially some of the individual products we're working on today include things like processors, modems. There's quite a bit of activity in our front end, which includes intended package modules, transceivers, even power management. So as you look at the handset, which is the single biggest opportunity, there is some incremental gain process, particularly in the front end module space and the power management space.

Jeffrey Rand -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst

Great. Thank you.

Operator

Thank you. We have your next question comes from Randy Abrams with Credit Suisse.

Randy Abrams -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst

Yeah, I wanted to -- maybe the first one is just follow up on the gross margins and the OpEx. For the gross margins, I guess the guidance was also flat, but you are into the seasonal strong period and guiding a good sequential increase. Maybe go through it, because you mentioned in the prepared remarks just some mix changes, but just some of the factors impacting the margins this year were you're not getting the leverage sometimes do.

And on the OpEx, I guess, Megan, if you can clarify, I think you mentioned mid-single digit OpEx savings. So you've brought it down to $100 million, but then have the real estate gain. So I guess in terms of absolute -- just to clarify the number, like if you can expect mid-single digit off the $100 million, or maybe if you could just clarify what your outlook and OpEx dollars would be toward second half?

Megan Faust -- Corporate Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Sure. Why don't I take that one first and [Indecipherable] the mid-single digit was referencing what we would expect for a full year OpEx reduction.

Randy Abrams -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst

Okay.

Megan Faust -- Corporate Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

So we think we're on track to meet that goal for the year.

Randy Abrams -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst

Okay.

Megan Faust -- Corporate Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

As it relates to gross margin and expansion and what we're experiencing for Q3, as we've shared before with the high fixed cost structure and the leverage. And generally we would see 40% to 50% drop through.

And if you look year-over-year from Q3 '18 to Q3 '19, that's we're right in that range that we would expect a 40% to 50%. So sequentially, that was a different story, and as that drop through is much lower on an increase of over $100 million in revenue. And that's really driven by two reasons. The first reason we mentioned about two-thirds of that is related to a change in product mix. So historically, you'll see that it's very common in the second half of our year given the seasonal builds to have an increase in material content. And that's what we're experiencing and seeing here in Q3. That's also part of the advanced SiP product that we're ramping that Steve mentioned in the consumer market.

The second item is that relate to about one-third of the reason, and that's due to some normal mid-year labor and other cost increases that we expect labor. We tend to have the merit and promotions happen mid-year, so it's a structural expense increase. And then there are some other low costs [Phonetic] that are more seasonal like electricity rates etc., that increase in the middle of the year.

And last, there's some onetime expenses in there as well, and some modest expenses for the Japan rationalization project we mentioned. So that's what's contributing to the job through.

Randy Abrams -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst

Okay. If I could follow up on the Japan rationalization, because you mentioned there's some expense -- there'll be a little bit of expense increase. But could you go through that project? Is it -- is this intended to be a upgrade of the -- like the cost will be to upgrade the capacity or is it more restructure, so downscale the capacity that eventually the cost structure would have a change? So maybe, if you could talk a bit more what you're doing in the Japan facilities.

Megan Faust -- Corporate Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Sure.

Stephen D. Kelley -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Randy, why don't I just say a few words and then I'll turn it over to Megan. Basically, in Japan, we are trying to reduce our factory footprint. The Japan factories are all wire bond or mainstream factories. In the demand for mainstream products is steadily declining over time. So our job in Japan basically is to consolidate to reduce the footprint, so we can maintain reasonable margins. The focus in Japan for us is really growing with our Japanese customers in advanced packaging. And so what we're seeing is a most of the new products ramping in factories outside Japan.

Randy Abrams -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst

Okay. Great. The other question I just want to ask on the outlook. The third quarter in Mobile, the 25%, actually seems even a bit stronger than normal. And I think, Stephen you mentioned new design wins coming through second half this year into 2020. If you could talk maybe the factors on above seasonal, and if it's just a function that we came off a low base start of the year. If that's part of it or it's you're seeing actually a change where it's somewhat market share related or customers expecting a better second half. Because I think in that you're also expecting strength already into fourth quarter. So maybe if you can talk a bit more in the design wins and also the second half like the driver of that strength or the sequential pickup.

Stephen D. Kelley -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Yeah, Randy, a good question. So I think you're right. Most of the increase is coming up a little base. So the first half was pretty difficult. I think, as you recall, went through a pretty significant inventory correction in many different smartphone markets. And then we're also in a down cycle in the general market. So when you compare first half to second half, you will [Phonetic] get quite an increase.

In Q3 specifically, we're seeing the smartphone side up almost 25%. And we're getting help from the consumer side where we've get some new SiP based products ramping in consumer. As you move into Q4, the reason why optimistic is we see both of the big opportunities continuing into Q4, whether it's a smartphone build or the consumer IC ramp, but we also see the general markets trying to recover. We have a small, low-single digit increase outside consumer in Q3. And if we look at the historical patterns, we should see continued recovery in the general market in the coming quarters. So that's why we're optimistic on Q4 and also optimistic about 2020.

Randy Abrams -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst

Okay. And if I could say, with [Phonetic] just one last question just with all the -- there's a lot of moving parts with trade war. But to the extent it's kind of two factors, you've been expanding the China business over time. Guess how the shifts in the supply chain if it's changing your projections, working and expanding into China customers or serving international customers out of the Shanghai facility? And if you could also come in, if you saw anything on the Huawei impact, whether it slowed down and picking back up or there's maybe be a more of a disruption continuing on that segment until they're back to normal.

Stephen D. Kelley -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Okay. So let me just make sure I have your question. One is the competitive position in China, vis-a-vis China OSAT. Second is impact of Huawei, and third is international customers in Shanghai.

Randy Abrams -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst

Yeah. And I think competitive position in China, how that ramp up the greater China business is progressing?

Stephen D. Kelley -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Sure. Okay. So why don't we start with the China OSAT question. Our strategy in China has always been very well defined. We only compete in the advanced packaging area, because our philosophy is, if we can do it better than the Chinese OSAT then we're probably not going to win in mainland China. And so that really hasn't changed much over the past year. Clearly, if there are local competitors who could do everything we could do, provide the same bundles of goods and services, then we are probably going to lose. So our growth in China has really been built on the fact of that we have the technology leadership. We execute well in our factory in China, in factories outside China. And we keep our mainland China customers happy.

So that strategy is not going to change. If I look back, when we started this program back in 2013, our revenues were up around seven fold in greater China. Well, our revenues as a company only have about 55%. So we've been gaining share in China faster than we have in the rest of the world. As I look at Huawei, again, we don't have much direct exposure there, because we don't do business with high silicon. We never really had high silicon as an account. So there's not much to lose there for us.

We do feel the impact of some of the things happening with Huawei through our other customers. So any of our customers who supply into Huawei into the infrastructure or the phone groups, obviously, if they have an impact what we feel it. But we don't think it's that material for our results overall. As far as international -- yeah, the last question it was --

Randy Abrams -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst

Go ahead.

Stephen D. Kelley -- President and Chief Executive Officer

The international customers in Shanghai. At this point, none of our international customers in Shanghai have expressed an interest in moving that business to other locations. But if they do, that's one of the benefits of our factory strategy, is that we have advanced factories in a number of different locations outside China, which duplicate our capabilities in China.

Randy Abrams -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst

Okay. Great. Thanks a lot. Appreciate the color Steve and Megan.

Stephen D. Kelley -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Sure.

Operator

[Operator Instructions]

Vincent Keenan -- Vice President of Investor Relations

Thank you, Lara. This ends the question-and-answer portion of our call. I will now turn the call back to Steve for his closing remarks.

Stephen D. Kelley -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Okay. I would like to recap our key messages. First, second quarter revenue met our expectations, profitability was better than expected. Second -- third quarter revenue should be up about 50% sequentially, driven by production ramps for flagship phones and strengthened events SiP for the consumer market. And finally, we are positive about the fourth quarter and believe that the worst of the slowdown is behind us. Thank you for joining the call today.

Operator

[Operator Closing Remarks]

Duration: 25 minutes

Call participants:

Vincent Keenan -- Vice President of Investor Relations

Stephen D. Kelley -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Megan Faust -- Corporate Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Jeffrey Rand -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst

Randy Abrams -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst

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