Gold’s (GC=F) allure has attracted retail investors as the precious metal trades above $3,000 as investors pile cash into the so-called “safe haven” asset amid broader turmoil in the financial markets.
Donald Trump’s tariff blitz has triggered the resurgence of gold’s safe-haven appeal. On Monday, the US president threatened to impose an additional 50% tariff on Chinese imports unless Beijing rolled back its recent 34% hike on US goods. This aggressive stance reignited fears of a full-blown trade war, prompting investors to seek refuge in gold.
Historically viewed as a hedge during political and financial instability, gold reached an all-time high of $3,167.57 per ounce on April 3. The precious metal is up approximately 15% year-to-date.
“Escalation of the trade war could trigger a global recession, and that is driving safe-haven demand,” said a senior analyst at Reliance Securities, Jigar Trivedi.
“Despite slipping in the previous sessions, gold is still strong and should remain on the upward trend” because of the bullish undertone.
The US began imposing a baseline 10% tariff on imports on Sunday, with higher duties of between 11% and 50% set to take effect on Wednesday. The higher tariffs are set to hit both US rivals and allies alike and investors are rushing towards safe havens to weather the storm.
Rick Kanda, managing director at The Gold Bullion Company, said: "Gold has been the go-to investment for centuries, and it’s easy to see why people buy gold. The timeless reliability is why gold remains a favourite for those wanting to protect their wealth, no matter what’s happening in the economy.
"It’s like a steady friend you can always count on. When currencies take a hit, gold often holds its ground or can even climb higher. This is particularly true when the US dollar, the heavyweight of global trading currencies, starts to wobble."
However, the rally did stutter, with the price of gold coming down just days after the metal hit a record high on haven demand amid growing geopolitical risks. Although bullion typically benefits from periods of upheaval, it can be sold during extreme market dislocation as investors seek to cover losses elsewhere.
“Even gold – traditionally a safe haven – tumbled from a record high it had reached earlier last week as investors sold off the precious metal along with other asset classes to cover losses elsewhere,” ING analysts said in a note.
Despite the choppy waters, experts predict that gold prices could climb even further. Analysts at Bank of America forecast that gold could reach $3,500 per ounce within the next two years, while Goldman Sachs anticipates the price will hit $3,300 per ounce by the end of 2025.
Unlike paper assets or digital currencies, physical gold is tangible, offering a sense of security that is hard to replicate — an allure that is attracting many retail investors.
Peter Walden, managing director of BullionByPost, the UK’s largest online bullion dealer, told Yahoo Finance UK: "Since January, following president Trump’s inauguration — and with activity peaking in February — we’ve observed a marked rise in retail investors seeking to add physical gold to their portfolios. Amid economic uncertainty and inflation concerns, many are turning to gold as the ultimate safe haven.
“So far this year, BullionByPost has sold over £73m worth of gold and silver to UK investors — a figure that represents an increase of more than 137% compared to the same period in 2024. Furthermore, average order values have risen, with February’s average order reaching £2,107, up from roughly £1,400 over the past 12 months."
Traditionally viewed as a safe store of value during geopolitical turmoil, bullion has risen nearly 14% so far this year. Despite the soaring high price per ounce, many have seen the rally as the perfect time to purchase gold for the first time.
Paul Atkinson, co-founder at Atkinsons Bullion & Coins, told Yahoo Finance UK: “The current highest ever gold prices are doing nothing to dampen demand for the physical product. Both the value and volume of orders since the start of the year have increased dramatically with many new clients purchasing for the first time. February being our busiest month ever on all fronts.
"Precious metals in physical form should always be looked at on a long-term basis as with all commodities, they can fall and rise in price. The current market has lead many new clients to appreciate the advice around the unusual position of British legal tender coins ( Sovereigns and Britannias) which are free from capital gains tax (CGT) on resale.”
Gold and other precious metals are usually weighed in troy ounces. At 31.1034768 grams, one troy ounce is about 10% heavier than a regular ounce.
Another thing to consider, often misunderstood, is the capital gains tax-free nature of British legal tender coins.
"The sovereign and the gold and silver Britannia have a unique place as precious metal coins with a legal tender value. This means that any profits made over the lifetime of the investment are free of CGT when sold. Many clients overlook this issue as they are so concerned about purchasing physical metal and do not think about the other side, which is relevant when they come to sell," Atkinson said.
Should you buy gold coins or bars?
Gold falls under the category of alternative investments, named after their nature as alternatives to traditional investment assets such as bonds and equities. These can be anything from art to property, hedge fund investments, gold, and gold funds, and even digital assets.
When we think about precious metals, the first image that comes to mind is probably a gold bar or coin. If you go this route, you are investing in the physical metal. Gold coins are popular, but primarily for collectors, as you will pay a premium for the design you might not get back. However, some coins become more desirable for collectors over time, so this gambit could pay off.
If you're not bothered by gold's aesthetic value, the straight way to go about it is to get a cast bar. A 500g bar will set you back £38,872.08 if you purchase it from the Royal Mint.
"While the number of large investors spending over £100,000 has increased, smaller investors remain the bulk of our sales. Many are opting for fractional purchases — such as half or quarter ounce gold Britannia coins — while the sale of Sovereigns continue to perform strongly at around £570 per coin, thanks to their capital gains tax-exempt status and low premiums,” Walden said.
You can start smaller, with a 1g Britannia bar costing around £104. Regardless of what you get, ensure that the purity is above 99.9% for coins and 99.95% for bars so that it is VAT-free.
Gold broke through the key $3,000 barrier on Friday for the first time. ·Ange
“As CGT has already risen in last years budget from 20-24% it could also be in line for further rises. This makes the position of these coins even more important as part of any clients portfolio. There has also been a big increase in the sales of fractional gold coins in particular. The ½ ounce and ¼ and 1/10th ounces allow a lower entry price point,” Atkinson said.
Another common misconception is that you will have to find somewhere safe in your house to store the gold.
Simon Popple, a gold expert, told Techreport.com: “Buying physical gold may seem more difficult than simply pressing buy on an investing app, but it’s simpler than you think. To start, you’ll need to set up an account with a gold bullion dealer. You should carry out your own due diligence with your financial adviser before selecting one.”
“One of the biggest misconceptions about buying gold is people think you’ll have to take delivery of it. You don’t. You can often have it stored and insured with the dealer you bought it from, but check before you buy.”
UK retailers that sell bullion bars and gold coins
Physical gold can be purchased from government mints such as the Royal Mint or precious metal dealers. These dealers typically make their profits by selling gold at a premium above the market (spot) price and buying it for less. This difference, known as the spread, fluctuates based on the gold’s purity, weight, the dealer, and prevailing market conditions of supply and demand.
However, as gold is traded in an unregulated market, it’s vital to approach purchases with caution. Scams are not uncommon, so it's important to take measures to protect your investment. One such measure is to check if a dealer is a member of the London Bullion Market Association (LBMA). The LBMA sets standards across the industry, helping to ensure that gold traded by its members meets specific quality and integrity benchmarks.
Before making any purchase, it’s also essential to evaluate a bullion dealer on factors such as reputation, pricing, storage options, and customer service. These elements are crucial to ensuring a secure and satisfactory investment experience.
While most bullion dealers are specialist firms, even Costco, the popular wholesale retailer, has tapped into the gold market. Costco UK offers members the opportunity to purchase one-ounce gold bars both in-store and online, along with a range of gold coins in various designs. Though Costco is not a dedicated bullion dealer, the retailer has become a convenient option for those looking to add gold to their portfolio.
High street lender and retailer Ramsdens reported a 5% increase in the weight of gold purchased by buyers, which has driven a 50% increase in gross profit within its precious metal division over the first half of its financial year.
The retailer buys unwanted jewellery or gold from customers and then either sells it in stores or online or to a bullion dealer.
How to invest in gold via stocks or funds
If you consider gold purely an investment and do not want to handle things like storage or purity levels, you can choose gold stocks or funds.
"Gold is not everyone’s idea of a suitable portfolio investment — former prime minister and chancellor Gordon Brown once dismissed it as a ‘barbarous relic' — but the precious metal’s rise to new all-time highs is eye-catching all the same," said Russ Mould, investment director at AJ Bell.
The surge in gold prices is being driven by a mix of factors, including central bank purchases, substantial shipments to the US ahead of tariff impositions, persistent inflation, and concerns over high government debt levels on both sides of the Atlantic. These dynamics are pushing the price of the precious metal higher, attracting investor attention.
“Gold itself offers no yield, has limited industrial use and comes with a cost of ownership in the form of storage and insurance, so many portfolio builders will still fight shy of embracing the metal, especially when they can get returns from cash in the bank that currently exceed inflation,” Mould explained.
However, gold’s durability, its historical role as a store of value, and its limited supply, growing much slower than the supply of money, make it an attractive option during times of economic uncertainty. Mould added: “Gold is difficult and expensive to produce, so it can be seen as a store of value at a time when inflation is eroding the purchasing power of money in the West.”
While the price of gold continues its upward trajectory, gold mining stocks have failed to keep pace. The New York Stock Exchange Arca Gold Bugs Index (^HUI) remains stagnant, standing no higher than it did in April 2006, when gold was trading at barely $600 an ounce.
Mould said: “As a result, the Gold Bugs index trades close to its all-time relative lows when compared to the price of gold,” according to data from LSEG Refinitiv.
This discrepancy may prompt some investors to consider gold mining stocks more seriously. Successful gold miners, which generate strong cash flows and dividends, have a unique opportunity for investors. “Their earnings and cash flow, and therefore potentially their dividends, are highly geared to the gold price,” Mould said.
However, the number of London-listed gold mining companies has dwindled due to a wave of takeovers, including Randgold Resources, Barrick Gold, Centamin, Hummingbird Resources, and Shanta Gold, all of which have been absorbed by bigger players.
Mould said that Endeavour Mining (EDV.L) is the only gold miner currently in the FTSE 100 (^FTSE), as Fresnillo (FRES.L) is primarily a silver-focused company despite producing gold.
Despite these takeovers, Mould noted that “the world’s biggest gold miners by stock market valuation are listed in the US,” with Newmont being the largest, valued at $52bn and a member of the S&P 500 (^GSPC).
Key metrics for assessing gold miners
Mining operations often raise significant ethical issues related to environmental degradation, human rights, and social impacts. Above, a dredge is seen in a gold mining area in the Madre de Dios department, in Peru's southeastern Amazon region. ·ERNESTO BENAVIDES via Getty Images
When evaluating gold mining stocks, Mould recommended that investors apply a set of six key tests to determine whether a miner is a suitable investment.
Phase of operation: Whether the company is in production, exploration, or obtaining licenses.
Resource size: The size of the resources and the profile of existing mines.
Geopolitical risk: The risks associated with the mine's location, such as potential conflicts with local governments or difficult conditions like extreme weather.
All-in sustaining cost (AISC): This metric shows how profitable the company is in relation to the gold price.
Management team: The experience and skillset of the company’s leadership.
Balance sheet: The miner’s cash reserves and debt levels, as more substantial cash positions, are better when gold prices fall.
Investors should also consider the miner's valuation. Mould explained: “This can be done using earnings or yield-based metrics, but both can be deceptive, especially if the gold price starts to swing around a lot. A further option is to look at net asset value (NAV), which should grow over time if the gold price remains firm.”
Several notable takeovers have occurred in the gold mining space, which offers clues to the strategies and valuations that large players are willing to pay. For example, Newmont Mining's (NEM) acquisition of Australia’s Newcrest in 2023 was made at 1.7 times book value, and AngloGold Ashanti (AU) paid a similar multiple when it acquired Centamin.
Mould pointed out that “Gold Fields (GFI) paid two times NAV (net asset value) for Osisko, but Alamos Gold's (AGI.TO) bid for Argonaut Gold valued the company at only 0.33 times net asset value,” reflecting Argonaut’s high all-in sustaining costs and net debt position.
For those who prefer to avoid directly owning gold or gold mining stocks, there are other ways to gain exposure to the precious metal:
Gold tracker funds: These exchange-traded commodities (ETCs) or gold tracker funds allow investors to track the gold price without having to store or insure the metal physically. Mould highlighted iShares Physical Gold as a popular option, which tracks the day-to-day movement of gold prices by holding bullion.
Passively managed funds of gold miners: Investors who believe gold miners are undervalued relative to gold can choose funds like VanEck Gold Miners or VanEck Junior Gold Miners. These funds track a basket of miners, with annual fees of 0.53% and 0.55%, respectively.
Actively managed funds: For those looking for expert guidance in selecting the best-performing gold mining stocks, actively managed funds such as BlackRock Gold and General are an option. These funds focus on maximising returns by investing in the best-performing miners while avoiding underperforming stocks.
How to invest in gold via ETFs or ETCs
Exchange traded funds (ETFs) and exchange traded commodities (ETCs) offer a convenient way to gain exposure to gold without the hassle of storage or concerns over purity. Gold ETFs hold gold bullion or gold futures, and their value is derived from these underlying assets. These products trade like stocks, providing a liquid and accessible way to invest in gold.
The costs of gold ETFs typically include ongoing charges and platform fees. Investors should also remember that the performance of these funds can be affected by currency fluctuations, as most physical gold is priced in US dollars.
The main costs of investing in gold ETFs will be the ongoing charge and any platform fees. You should also pay attention to where the product trades. Most physical gold is priced in US dollars, so if an ETF or ETC operates in sterling, then the USD/GBP (GBP=X) rate will likely play a significant role in its performance.
Looking at gold ETFs traded in the USA, the DB Gold Double Long Exchange Traded Notes (DGP) has returned 29% this year.
Since January, ProShares Ultra (UGL) has delivered 24%, and Invesco DB Precious Metals Fund (DBP) has recorded a 10% gain.
If you want to keep things in pounds, there is the iShares Physical Gold ETC (SGLNL.XC), for a 0.12% fee. This product has the particularly of only accepting gold bullion that meets the Good Delivery standards set by the London Bullion Market Association (LBMA). All assets are classified as responsibly sourced, only allocating gold that was mined after 2022. It has lost 10% year-to-date.
The HANetf Royal Mint Responsibly Sourced Physical Gold (RMAP.L) provides an ethical option. This fund only holds gold bars approved by the LBMA from refiners that meet strict standards. In addition, the Royal Mint is developing the world’s first plant to recover gold from electronic waste, ensuring that the gold used is sustainably sourced and has a low environmental footprint.
Digital gold — a flexible way to invest in gold
For those seeking more flexibility in their gold investments, the Royal Mint now offers a solution in the form of "digital gold". This option allows investors to purchase a fraction of a gold bar, starting from as little as £25. It provides an easy way to gradually build a gold position, making it an attractive choice for those who wish to invest on a month-by-month basis.
The Royal Mint charges a storage fee of 0.5% plus VAT, ensuring that the gold is securely held. As with all investments, past performance is not an indicator of future results, and gold should be considered part of a well-diversified portfolio to mitigate risk.
Which country is the biggest buyer of gold?
According to figures from the World Gold Council, global gold demand surged to a record 4,899 metric tonnes in 2023, with jewellery accounting for 46% of this demand.
China emerged as the world's leading consumer, using 959 metric tonnes of gold last year. India followed closely as the second-largest consumer, with total consumption reaching 761 metric tonnes. The US rounded out the top three, consuming 250 metric tonnes of the precious metal.
When it comes to financial reserves, the US holds the top position globally with 8,133 metric tonnes of gold. Germany follows with 3,352 metric tonnes, and Italy maintains 2,452 metric tonnes. Several countries, including Kazakhstan and Russia, have been actively increasing their gold reserves in recent years.
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