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And, now, I'd like to turn the call over to Steve.

Steve Chapman -- Chief Executive Officer

Great. Thanks, Mike. Good afternoon, everyone, and thanks for joining us. I will cover our recent highlights and progress since we last spoke in November and Mike will provide additional detail on our financial progress. As Mike mentioned, we will be referring to slides that were just posted at investor.natera.com.

Before we jump into recent highlights or revisit the three goals that we spoke about at the JP Morgan Conference in January, we think Natera can drive significant value for shareholders in the near term by executing on these three core objectives. First, we want to extend our leadership position in reproductive health and get a cash flow break even. Continued volume growth combined with a roughly $200 gross profit per unit would get us there, which we think is achievable.

Second, we need to deliver rapid revenue growth in our oncology business. We generated a lot of compelling data so far and this year we expect that to translate into meaningful revenue from pharmaceutical companies.

Finally, we need to pass key inflection points in our organ transplant business by commercializing our tests and getting Medicare coverage. Continuing our success from 2018, where we completed all of our stated milestones. We will spend more time on these goals throughout the call.

Let me now move on to a summary of a recent highlights on the next slide. On volumes and revenues, we processed roughly 6,669 tests in 2018, which represents a company record of 30% year-on-year growth versus 2017. We processed over 174,000 tests in the fourth quarter, including processing over 119,000 Panorama tests and assessing more than 46,000 Horizon tests. We're very pleased with this rapid volume growth.

Revenue growth also roughly tracked our volumes. We generated total revenues of $67 million in the quarter, up 29% versus Q4 of 2017.

In oncology, we think 2019 could be an inflection point for the business, as we're seeing the market for minimal residual disease testing and solid cancer starting to take on. We just announced a $50 million partnership with Beijing Genomics Institute to bring Signatera to China and we are outperforming our pharma contracting target. We said on our last call that we expect to end 2018 with pharma contracts valued at $8 million. We ended up beating that goal by closing the year 2018 with $9.1 million in total contracted value.

We expect the cumulative contract value to hit $40 million to $50 million by the end of 2019, driven by an increasing interest in MRD and molecular monitoring, where we believe that Natera is poised to emerge as a leader with our unique personalized approach. We also presented our breast cancer data at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, demonstrating Signatera's ability to detect molecular recurrence up to two years in advance of the imaging. Our performance in breast cancer was similar to the excellent results we published in lung, bladder and colon cancer last year. We've now analyzed roughly 3,000 plasma samples across 18 different cancer types.

Consistent results like these helped us to secure the $50 million partnership with BGI to commercialize Signatera in China and to extend our rapid growth in pharma services. We're making great progress toward our goal of delivering meaningful revenue in oncology.

We're also rapidly achieving milestones in our transplant business. Earlier this year, we announced a co-marketing partnership with One Lambda, a division of Thermo Fisher. In this deal, Natera and One Lambda will both market our tests on a co-exclusive basis in the United States. We also published our analytical and clinical validity studies in top peer-reviewed journals. The results highlighted the power of a core technology, showing superior analytical performance characteristics, underpinning exceptional clinical test performance in screening for active rejection.

Having achieved all of our stated milestones in 2018, we are on track to commercialize in a team Medicare coverage in 2019. I will cover each of these topics in more detail in a few minutes.

With that summary, let me walk through the key topics in each of these areas. The first component of a reproductive health strategy is to continue to grow volume at a rapid pace. This slide shows the full year progression over the last few years in our business. We doubled our growth rate in 2018 to 30% of a much bigger unit base. I think this speaks to our core competitive advantages in women's health, our technology and our direct sales channel. Well, you hear about a lot of NIPT competition in the field, what hasn't really changed is that there are two primary technologies available for NIPT, Natera SNP-based technology and the shock and sequencing method used by most others.

Most of our major competitors are using the same shock and sequencing method approach that we've successfully competed against in the past and where we have clear technological and clinical performance advantages. In addition, our direct OB/GYN sales channel continues to be a source of strength. We've got a very stable long tenured team relative to the industry and we are focused solely on this premium segment genetic testing sale. Given the strength of our technology and our commercial footprint, we are well positioned to ride the wave of increased adoption that we expect to result from future average risk NIPT expansion.

We think the average risk market, which is 3.3 million pregnancies, is only about 15% to 20% penetrated today. As this market expands, we have an opportunity to grow volume from our existing customers and they don't routinely order average risk NIPT today. Our patient mix has remained at roughly 40% high risk and 60% average risk. We think this could shift dramatically as our existing clients adapt their practice patterns in the future, driving significant volume growth. In addition, we expect to capture new accounts from physicians converting from maternal serum screens to NIPT and through continued competitive wins. We plan to be on the front foot in capturing more market share, so we are expanding our commercial efforts further in 2019 to help maintain and grow our leadership position.

The second component of a reproductive health strategy is to improve the average selling price. ASPs were stable in the quarter and Mike will touch on how we expect the ASP to track going forward later in the call. We see average risk coverage being a significant driver of our future ASP and we have been encouraged by recent policy adoptions from Blue Cross Blue Shield at Tennessee, Minnesota, North Carolina and North Dakota in addition to the recent approval from five-state Medicaid programs.

Annualizing our Q4 volumes, we estimate the value of average risk coverage would be worth roughly $60 million in revenue and cash flow from the tests we already won at an illustrative $450 ASP. Although we don't control the timing, we continue to believe there will be progress in average risk this year and expect to see some of the upside coming during the second half or 2019.

The final component of our strategy in reproductive health is to lower the cost of goods sold. In Q4, our COGS per unit improved again to $263 per units. We've continued to make steady progress. Based on specific funded projects already under way, we think we can make significant progress in 2019 to our longer term goal of getting COGS below $200 per unit.

As you can see from the right half of the slide, if we can get to the $200 per unit mark, the incremental savings from our current blended COGS would generate roughly $40 million in additional gross profit and free cash flow using Q4 annualized volumes. Together, the impact of the average risk coverage in our planned COGS improvements could be worth up to $100 million in gross profit and cash flow on an annualized basis. Our plan is to continue growing volume, driving average risk coverage and reducing costs to get us to cash flow break even in the reproductive health business.

Switching gears now to oncology and our goal to deliver rapid revenue growth for this business. We were very pleased to announce a $50 million all in partnership with BGI to leverage our extensive reach in operations to bring Signatera to the Chinese market. We believe China represents a very large clinical testing opportunity and we also expect this partnership to support the adoption of Signatera into pharma-sponsored clinical trials in China. This may give us an advantage with global pharma customers running trials in China, since Chinese law prohibits the export of patient blood samples overseas.

BGI already enjoys a significant leadership position in genetic testing in China. For example, last year they performed more than 1 million cell-free DNA tests. This partnership with BGI strengthens our oncology franchise, expands our reach in reproductive health in select markets and may reduce COGS in our lab.

Many of you will recall that we entered into a partnership with QIAGEN early last year and that we have a 10-year supply agreement with Illumina. This new partnership with BGI doesn't change the plans we have in place with our other partners. Offering our content on a range or sequencing platforms remains part of our long term strategy, both expanding our commercial reach and providing the opportunity to lower our COGS.

The financial terms of the deal consist of $35 million in upfront licensing fees and prepaid royalties, plus $15 million in future milestone payments to Natera. In addition, Natera will receive ongoing royalties on the sale of tests. Natera will prepay $6 million for sequencing services to BGI and prepaid $4 million to another supplier. Overall, including near-term milestones, we expect a net of $30 million cash inflow in 2019 related to this deal. This transaction is subject to customary closing conditions.

In addition to the BGI deal, our Signatera commercial effort continues to accelerate. We started 2018 with just a few $100,000 in signed Signatera pharma services contracts. You can see our evolution from initial pilot studies to now signing several prospective clinical trials with leading pharmaceutical companies. The bars on the page represent a total contracted value, which is the amount of revenue we would expect to recognize over time from signed deals based on the pricing and the test volume specified in each contract. We generally expect most signed deals to translate to recognize revenue over roughly 12 to 36 months depending on how long it takes for prospective clinical trials to enroll patients among other factors.

I mentioned at the top of the call that we believe 2019 can be an inflection year for Signatera. We believe we can secure signed pharma contracts with a cumulative value of $40 million to $50 million by the end of 2019. This is a major step forward for a business and sets us up for significant revenue growth as we execute against these signed agreements.

On the clinical side of the oncology business, we have inbound demand from patients and physicians who want to test for recurrence. With a clear launch plan for Q2, we will begin to serve the US and international markets. However, our commercial investment will remain largely focused on the pharma business until we secure reimbursement with Medicare and commercial payers. We have previously estimated the market opportunity in MRD and molecular monitoring to be north of $12 billion, and we believe Natera is poised to take a significant share of this market given our unique personalized approach.

Shifting gears now to transplant. There are two critical milestones that will allow us to reach a tipping point for this business; commercialization of our assay and securing Medicare coverage, both of which we think we can hit in 2019.

On commercialization, we're off to a great start with the partnership we signed with One Lambda Thermo Fisher earlier this year. One Lambda is a global leader in HLA and antibody monitoring assays and therefore has long-standing relationships with most of the largest transplant centers in the United States. We will be able to leverage their commercial infrastructure to accelerate our entry into this new market. This deal will complement our planned direct sales effort that we will be pursuing in parallel. We kicked off the collaboration at last month's CI Conference and are looking forward to having a joint presence at the American Transplant Congress along with other efforts planned for this year.

Turning to our technology performance, Natera enters the organ transplantation field as a leader, an expert in cell-free DNA testing, having spent more than a decade optimizing our molecular biology and bioinformatic techniques and having performed over 1.5 million commercial cell-free DNA tests. This expertise has resulted in measurable and significant advantages in assay performance. We've just published on our analytical validation results in the journal Transplantation, describing the performance of our assay.

The reported precision of our test was particularly strong with repeatability up to five times better than others. The fundamental point here is if you believe the donor-derived cell-free DNA is a useful biomarker, Natera has a more precise and reliable tool for measuring that biomarker. We expect this precision advantage to apply in renal as well as other organ types whenever donor-derived cell-free DNA is measured. The superior analytical performance we published helps explain why our clinical performance data was so strong. Our published clinical validation was two times larger than other studies and the data showed a better overall area under the curve, superior detection of T-Cell mediated rejection and the ability to detect subclinical rejection where there are no other clinical signs.

Transplant physicians are responding very positively thus far to our analytical and clinical data, which together put us in a good position to execute on our goal of commercialization and achieving Medicare coverage in 2019.

Now, let me walk through the reimbursement timeline more specifically. This slide is the same road map we showed you on our last two earnings calls. We've now accomplished all of our objectives for 2018. We completed our analytical and clinical validations, completed our pre-submission meeting with Medicare, obtained a unique Z-Code for a test, and formally submitted our draft-LCD (ph) at the end of 2018. We are very pleased with our progress and at this stage we remain on track to obtain Medicare coverage and launch into 2019.

To frame the commercial opportunity here in more concrete terms, we estimate the market opportunity for donor-derived cell-free DNA testing in a kidney transplant rejection to be roughly $2 billion. While using a cell pretest to screen from rejection is a relatively new concept, we are encouraged that physicians are adopting a protocol where patients receive testing up to seven times in the first year when the risk of rejection is highest and then quarterly thereafter. The adoption of cell-free DNA testing has been very encouraging and given the strong clinical performance of our tests, we think we can compete very well.

Given that the market is estimated to be less than 5% penetrated, there's a lot of greenfield opportunity out there for us. To lay out a few scenarios for what this launch might mean for our business, if you assume 20,000 new patients per year in a protocol of seven tests in the first year and then quarterly thereafter for the next two years, you can see a range of annual revenues that would be achieved at a price point and market penetration rates that we believe are achievable based on market precedent. So even with relatively modest product adoption, we think the transplant business can be a very significant contributor of high margin revenues to our overall business in the next two to three years. We are very encouraged by the opportunity ahead of us in reproductive health, oncology and transplant.

So, with that, let me hand the call over to Mike to review our financial performance. Mike?

Michael Brophy -- Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, Steve. Now to summarize our results from the quarter. The results for the quarter and the full year crossed the wire this afternoon. For brevity on the call today, I'm going to focus on the key points of the Q4 results. As a reminder, the results from Q4 of 2017 have been restated under ASC 606, in which revenues are recognized on an accrued basis, so the face of the financials are apples to apples in the filing that crossed the wire today.

Our fourth quarter total revenues were $67 million compared to $52 million for the fourth quarter of 2017. This growth was driven by volumes, as Steve described. Gross margins were 36% in the quarter compared to 29% in the same period of the prior year.

Panorama revenues for the quarter were $36 million compared to $30.9 million in the fourth quarter of 2017, an increase of approximately $5.1 million.

Horizon revenues for the quarter were $23.9 million compared to $16.1 million for the fourth quarter of 2017, an increase of approximately $7.8 million, driven by both volume growth and sales and product mix.

Total operating expenses for the fourth quarter were roughly $54 million compared to $62 million in Q4 of 2017.

At the close of the quarter, the company held approximately $158.5 million in cash and equivalents compared to $170 million as of September 30, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, we held a net carrying amount of $73.4 million under our seven-year term $125 million debt facility with OrbiMed Advisors and had drawn down $50.2 million, including a quick accrued interest under the $50 million line of credit in place with UBS.

Turning to our future outlook. We expect 2019 total revenues of $275 million to $302 million. Gross margins to be 35% to 41%. Selling, general and administrative costs to be $180 million to $190 million. Research and development costs to be approximately $60 million to $65 million, and our cash burn to be approximately $80 million to $100 million. This guidance assumes we will maintain our leadership position in women's health with continued volume growth.

Steve talked about some of the drivers to ASP in the medium and long term, which we think are positive. For the 2019 guide though, we've made an effort to be conservative on pricing assumptions, particularly in the first half of the year. The guide presumes an uptick in the factors that (technical difficulty) of times on which we get reimbursed like prior authorization policies that we've described in the past. We don't think these factors are permanent and that there is scope for ultimately getting reimbursed on some of these tests on appeal, but we don't plan to accrue these claims as revenue immediately in 2019. You've seen some of the successors on getting reimbursed during 2018 on older claims and we continue to optimize our efforts in that area.

On the positive side, Steve talked about our confidence in getting broader reimbursement on average risk NIPT and the guide presumes steady improvement in average risk NIPT reimbursement in the second half of the year. On the revenue from new businesses, we are presuming steady growth and steady stable pricing in our core blood business and Steve talked about the goal for total value of contracted business for Signatera of $40 million to $50 million.

For any given deal we signed with a pharmaceutical company, we expect that contracted value of the deal to translate to revenues over the course of roughly 12 to 36 months as we run the samples from the clinical trial, as Steve described. We don't have revenues from transplant into guide, but we remain on track with our original target to launch and get Medicare reimbursement by the end of the year.

The guidance assumes a successful close of the BGI deal and it includes the $30 million in cash inflow that Steve described, but it excludes any upfront revenue recognition from the BGI deal. We are evaluating that and we'll provide another update on our Q1 call in May. The gross margin guide takes into account the volumes and pricing comments above and also presumes we make steady progress in reductions to cost of goods sold per unit that Steve described earlier in the call.

The next slide breaks down an estimate of our operating expenses by business, reproductive health, oncology and transplant. We wanted to break this down to give you a clearer sense of the investments we're making in each area. The reproductive health effort supports our sales channel and includes roughly $4 million this year for the smart trial, which we think is key for future microdeletions reimbursement and that space should be winding down after 2019.

The majority of the additional spend assigned to the reproductive health business is focused on reducing cost of goods sold, projects like planned improvements to our carrier screen workflows and additional automation and algorithm improvements that take advantage of recent advances in AI to improve performance and reduce the amount of sequencing required to generate a result and, of course, supporting alternate sequencing platforms like the effort we announced with QIAGEN last year and BGI this year.

Our oncology effort is already paying dividends and you can see from the BGI deal announcements and the rapid growth in the value of signed contracts we've signed with pharmaceutical companies.

In 2019, we plan to support BGI development effort and drive further adoption in pharmaceutical companies by launching the clear version of Signatera. We've gotten to this point in the Signatera launch with just a few people selling to pharma companies and we are expanding that team to roughly 10 people. We are going to be conservative about offering the test in a clinical setting before we have a clear path to reimbursement, so we are planning to launch targeted clinical trials in selected indications where we feel the health economics and unmet need are compelling and will launch those in 2019 before growing clinical volumes meaningfully.

Finally, in transplant. We are doing the work to launch the test commercially with an efficient direct sales and marketing effort that will complement our work with One Lambda. So to summarize, we're on the front foot in reproductive health and think we can unlock up to $100 million in cash flow from expected average risk expansion and COGS projects, as Steve described, and that's just from our existing volumes. Given that, our trajectory in pharma and the near-term milestones we expect to transplant waiting to put our foot on the gas to capitalize on these opportunities.

Now, I'd like to open the line for questions. Operator?

Questions and Answers:

Operator

Thank you, sir. (Operator Instructions) And our first question will come from the line of Bill Quirk with Piper Jaffray. Your line is now open.

William Quirk -- Piper Jaffray -- Analyst

Great. Thanks. Good afternoon, everybody.

Michael Brophy -- Chief Financial Officer

Hey, Bill.

Steve Chapman -- Chief Executive Officer

Hey, Bill. How you're doing?

William Quirk -- Piper Jaffray -- Analyst

Good. So, I guess, the first question and Mike you've kind of alluded to it a little bit in some of your comments regarding timing of taking those oncology orders and turning this into revenue, but can you give us a little extra color on your breakdown expectations for the big categories, things like Panorama, Horizon, and I think I heard you right on oncology, it's probably going to be something like $3 million to $4 million '19 expectation?

Michael Brophy -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. So, I wanted to just keep the guide to the total revenue, Bill, like we've always done. I feel like when we give more detail, it actually introduces more complexity and makes life harder for everyone. So I think it's simpler to kind of stick to that in a total revenue guide. It's fair to say that, like, if you look at past years, the vast majority of that revenue has come from Horizon and Panorama. So I don't think that what percentage of revenue is going to be dramatically different than what you've seen in past years. We will have material amount of revenue coming from oncology and it's going to come kind of on that waterfall that you start with contracted revenue as the beginning of that kind of revenue recognition waterfall and then as we said on the call, kind of, cascades 12 to 36 months from there to actual revenue recognition. And then finally on transplant, there's nothing in the guide for transplant revenues just given our launch -- expect to launch timing.

William Quirk -- Piper Jaffray -- Analyst

Understood. And then just, I guess, a clarifying question. With respect to the cash burn forecast, is that inclusive of the net $30 million that you expect to have in (multiple speakers)

Michael Brophy -- Chief Financial Officer

No, that does include the cash. That contemplates the cash we're getting from BGI.

William Quirk -- Piper Jaffray -- Analyst

Understood. Okay. Got it. And then, I guess, just on transplant, presumably -- given that you've got your draft LCD in here before the end of the year, presumably we should have some sort of update, I would think, by the end of March. Is that the right way to think about it guys? Then obviously there's an open comment period and then we'll get some sort of final documentation from Palmetto, call it late summer, early fall. Is that the timeline you're looking at as well?

Steve Chapman -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, roughly. I mean, I think we're engaged with Palmetto and in discussions -- when the local coverage decisions are released, there's an opportunity for us to participate there and then from there will follow the standard cycle as you outlined.

William Quirk -- Piper Jaffray -- Analyst

Okay. Got it. Thanks, guys.

Michael Brophy -- Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, Bill.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question will come from the line of Catherine Schulte with Baird. Your line is now open.

Catherine Schulte -- Robert W. Baird -- Analyst

Hey, guys. Thanks for the question. With the One Lambda partnership, how are you going to divide the commercialization responsibilities between your team and One Lambda? And how should we think about this in terms of incremental feet on the street for you?

Steve Chapman -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. So, obviously, we're really excited about that partnership. I mean with One Lambda's presence in all the major transplant centers, they have a very strong reputation, they're plugged in with the top doctors and top labs. As we've said, we're going to be building out our direct sales force in parallel, I think similar to what we've done in the past, when we brought NIPT to market, we had a direct strategy and we also had partners that came to market with us, we saw that as a way to expand our distribution. I think there's natural accounts where they have stronger relationships and there will be accounts where we have strong relationships in the field team just works together in a very positive way to collaborate. Again, we're excited about the opportunity with them and it makes sense.

Matt, do you want to add anything here?

Matthew Rabinowitz -- Executive Chairman

Yeah. I think it's a great question just how one collaborates with big partners. There's a very technical sell that we can make in transplant, because the doctors are so compelling. As you saw from that slide, we've got about a 1.85% standard deviation on repeatability of our test versus the competition at about 9.2% in the main publications. So we've seen that incredible analytical performance translate into much better clinical performance. And so, it's going to be very important when you've got that kind of a technical advantage to have our sales team collaborating with the sales team of Thermo Fisher and helping to make a very differentiated technical sell.

And we saw the same thing in NIPT. We had a very different technology, very differentiated. We took market share very quickly with the help of our partners, but we really did depend on having our own experts sort of co-travelling with them and educating those larger sales forces. So it's going to be a pretty similar approach in transplant.

Catherine Schulte -- Robert W. Baird -- Analyst

Okay. That's helpful. And then what are your latest thoughts on ACOG? And can you just quantify what your assumptions are in the back half for that improved average risk reimbursement?

Steve Chapman -- Chief Executive Officer

I'll take the general comments and then I think Mike if you want to talk more broadly about what's in the forecast. So obviously we're engaged with ACOG. We've established a good relationship with them. We're also a participant of the NIPT consortium where many members; Illumina, Roche, et cetera, that four (ph) are engaged various ways with ACOG. And I think generally everyone is sort of hearing positive noises, but nobody has the exact playbook for what ACOG is going to do. So we obviously expect some positive guidance as we've reflected in our forecast, but we don't know the exact timing and we don't know exactly what the guideline is going to say. Mike?

Michael Brophy -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. Just in terms of quantifying it, I mean, we've talked about previously how -- within the commercial business, in average risk NIPT, we're getting paid circa 35%, 40% of the time there and the guide just contemplates kind of a steady appreciation of that, that (technical difficulty) the time we get paid in a linear way through the course of the second half of '19.

Catherine Schulte -- Robert W. Baird -- Analyst

Okay. And then last one for me. For Signatera, when should we expect to get some data from your pharma relationships and get more clarity on the reimbursement pathway for indications other than the ones you are pursuing yourself?

Steve Chapman -- Chief Executive Officer

Solomon, do you want to take them?

Solomon Moshkevich -- General Manager, Oncology and Transplant

Yeah. Thanks, Steve. In terms of data publication, we are looking forward to presenting some new data at ASCO in the middle of the year in Chicago. And in terms of additional collaborations with pharma, I think the roadmap looks very bright here. We don't always control release or publication of data that comes from a pharma collaboration. But where the data is compelling and there's an agreement that it should be out in the field, we work together with our partners to publish that. So, I can't give you a specific timeline around data like that right now. I would say that there continues to be a data pipeline coming from academic collaborations as well and we look forward to presenting more data this year. In fact, I think there's going to be some publications that come out in some major journals in the coming months.

In addition to that, from a reimbursement perspective, we would say that we don't expect to have Medicare reimbursement in the immediate term. We are working with Medicare in the same way that Steve described on the transplant side to set up a road map there and I think that's going to depend on bringing the test to market and also demonstrating the utility of the tests and the key unmet need applications where we've described before. I think the initial indications would be in the areas where our data is strongest and the unmet need is clearest, including early stage and late stage diseases. I think we've...

Steve Chapman -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. I'll just add, a lot of the data that we presented throughout the year of 2018 is now going to be published in the very near future in very high impact journals. So, we've been very pleased with publications that have been accepted, that are going to be published in the very near future. In addition, we're feeling very good about our pharma pipeline. So, companies that have looked at the data and thought about the different ways that they can use or test within their development programs or for future clinical trials and we said we expect to have $40 million to $50 million in total contracted value cumulatively by the end of 2019 and that is significant, significant progress from where we were at the beginning of '18 and even at the end of '18. So we're seeing a lot of momentum that's based on the strength of the data and the strength of the technology.

Catherine Schulte -- Robert W. Baird -- Analyst

Great. Thank you.

Operator

Thank you. Our next question will come from the line of Mark Massaro with Canaccord Genuity. Your line is now open.

Mark Massaro -- Canaccord Genuity -- Analyst

Hey, guys. Thanks for taking the questions. I guess just my first one for clarification. Does the $40 million to $50 million include the BGI payment or the $30 million net inflow in 2019?

Michael Brophy -- Chief Financial Officer

No, those are totally separate streams. So, the BGI is the $30 million that we referenced. That's what we expect as a net cash inflow from this BGI partnership that we just signed. The $40 million to $50 million in contracted revenues from pharmaceutical companies is the value and the cumulative set of deals we've signed with pharma companies to using Natera. Does that make sense, Mark?

Mark Massaro -- Canaccord Genuity -- Analyst

It does. And just for clarification, so that contracted value will convert to revenue over 12 to 36 months?

Michael Brophy -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. And so we've already signed some deals as we talked about on prior calls and yeah, I mean, 12 to 36 months is roughly the waterfall.

Mark Massaro -- Canaccord Genuity -- Analyst

Okay, great. And then certainly 2019 marks a year of greater investment. Certainly, I appreciate the increase especially on the oncology side. You have to build up a little bit on the kidney side, but I think you also talked about increasing your leadership position in NIPT. So I guess, if you could, could you give us a sense on how many people you'll be adding in the OB/GYN sales call point and just help us with some of the numbers across the areas?

Steve Chapman -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. So, I think, when you look at the investments that we're making in 2019, I mean, as you said, it makes a lot of sense for us to be making investments in OpEx at this point. When you look at our trajectory in pharma, $40 million to $50 million in total contracted value and that is the leading indicator for revenue and that puts us on a trajectory at the top oncology diagnostic companies in the space.

On transplant, we're at a major inflection point now where we've done all the work, we've done all the R&D, we have to commercialize the test and we have to get Medicare coverage and we're going to be in a position to go out and compete very, very fiercely for market share. So we feel like it makes a lot of sense to continue to invest there. And then in women's health, we have an opportunity to continue to grow business, because our technology is differentiated. And, as we said, our COGS are coming down rapidly. We have a path to get down to $200 and with average risk coming in and we have an opportunity to unlock, like, $60 million roughly from our existing accounts. So, we're really sitting in a very good position right now and it makes a lot of sense to be making investments to put ourselves in a leadership position. Our commercial team has been fairly stable over the past and other select areas where we're making investments going forward, because we think it makes sense.

Mark Massaro -- Canaccord Genuity -- Analyst

Great. And then, if I can, maybe a question for Matt. You're building bespoke assays, I believe we're the only company doing this in oncology. And so, I'd be curious to hear your take on how you think the fact that you're building customized panels for a particular cancer patient is resonating with some of your -- in your early conversations both with pharma partners and potentially with other institutions relative to some of the other larger panel opportunities, relative to other companies.

Matthew Rabinowitz -- Executive Chairman

Sure. Well, I'm glad people have questions for me. That's good. I'll take a crack at that and then I'll hand it over to Solomon. So, just to go through the fundamentals, when you build these customized panels per patient, there are two big advantages. The one big advantage is, you can go down to the very low levels of cell-free DNA, pretty much single molecule levels of detection with a limited amount of sequencing. So we're going down to levels of below 0.01% in catching these tumors and we're able to do that with incredible sensitivity and specificity.

When we saw our clinical data, that shows that we catch the recurrence of lung, bladder, breast, colon cancer and several other cancers coming down the pike with positive predictive values in certain cohorts that are 100%, I mean it will never stay 100% but, geez, performance is phenomenal. It's largely because we've got that bespoke approach where we can go down to roughly single molecule detection levels with unmatched sensitivity and specificity to our knowledge. Okay. So that's the one component, but with a limited amount of sequencing you can go very low.

But the other component is that you can capture a large number of variance per patient. If you use a standardized panel, even if you're looking at several hundred genes, the number of variants that you see on that one size fits all panel can be very low, even for the 300 to 500 gene panels, you can see zero to five variance for a particular patient. And that makes an enormous difference, because the frequency at which these variants appear in the plasma can range over two orders of magnitude, the allele fractions.

So the fact that we can track many variants means that we can accommodate the very different DNA fractions, of which those variants appear and we can make sure that we can monitor the particular tumor based on all of the targets that are relevant for that tumor, which gives us better sensitivity and specificity. If you're just looking at one variant, you can have a false positive because of PCR errors or other things; if you're looking at multiplicity of variants, you can play all these informatics things and be much more robust.

So those are the two main things. Now, behind those two sort of core arguments, there's a ton of technology and molecular capability and informatics capability that goes into making this work. You've seen some of the publications come out, we're very pleased with the acceptances we've had from a bunch of top clinical journals in oncology and you're going to see those in the upcoming months. And I think that the pharma partners have resonated with us. They've tested our technology against these broad panel approaches, the hybrid capture approach has go down to about 0.1% versus all levels of an order of magnitude below that, and they see that we can seek things earlier with better sensitivity and specificity and lower cost than the other approaches. So that's the reason why we've got to more than 30 pharmaceutical trials going on right now and that pipeline is growing beautifully. Okay, Solomon?

Solomon Moshkevich -- General Manager, Oncology and Transplant

That was an excellent answer. So to add to that, I think the data is demonstrating also the strength of the method that Matt described. So we've now tested approximately 3,000 plasma samples from around 700 patients across 18 different cancer types and we've published some of the bigger studies in the cancers that you've seen before in lung, colon, bladder and breast cancer, but we have tested now in many different cancer types and what we're seeing is pretty consistent performance and also a validation of our method, because we're seeing that the first MRD positive time point that we detect is very frequently and majority of the time is below 0.1% variable allele frequency.

So what Matt described that the technology is designed to be able to confidently detect below that 0.1%, where larger panels start to suffer because they're just not looking for enough variance to constantly detect at that level. So detecting be low 0.1% also means you're going to have a longer lead time of molecular relapse versus clinical relapse. And that lead time makes a clinical difference, because in theory if you're going to treat somebody, you have a better chance of cure (technical difficulty) lower disease burden. So I think between the scientific rationale that Matt described and that being demonstrated now in the clinical data that we have shown across many cancer types, you're starting to see the market embracing the opportunity and the differentiation of this method.

Mark Massaro -- Canaccord Genuity -- Analyst

Great. Thank you for all the color.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question will come from the line of Tycho Peterson with JPMorgan. Your line is now open.

Aleny Vega -- JPMorgan -- Analyst

Hi. Thank you. This is Aleny on for Tycho. Maybe just to start off with just wondering on a go-forward basis how are you thinking about revenue protests? It looks like it has leveled out in the $400 price range over the last four quarters? And then what are the dynamics you expect once the ACOG bulletin for average risk comes out?

Michael Brophy -- Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, Aleny. As we said starting in the prepared remarks, so over the medium term and longer term, Steve covered a number of drivers that we think can be very constructive to the average selling price. As to the guide in '19, we're taking a conservative approach on the assumptions, including. like, the fraction of time that we get paid, particularly in the first half of the year and then we do have an assumption in the second half the year that we do start to get some benefit from the average risk NIPT getting paid a higher fraction of the time, kind of gradually improving for the course of second half of the year.

Aleny Vega -- JPMorgan -- Analyst

Great. That's helpful. And then in terms of the pacing of pharma contracted value, you mentioned around $40 million to $50 million expected by year-end, was wondering how the timing of the CLIA assay launch affects that? Are we looking at a sort of back half loaded year in terms of the contracted business?

Steve Chapman -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. So I think the CLIA launch is one of many factors that will help us improve our ability to sell faster with pharmaceutical companies. As we mentioned, we have these marquee publications that have now been accepted in very high impact journals. We think that data coming out along with the CLIA launch, along with our announcement of the partnership with BGI, that gives us special access in China that is going to be very hard to compete with, because for pharma trials you need to have Chinese patients enrolled if you want to launch the drug in China. So there is many different factors of this sort of flywheel effect that we're now on that are going to start to increase the pace at which we're able to sign partnerships with pharmaceutical companies. As we said, this trajectory of $40 million to $50 million now that we're on toward the end of 2019 is really in line with the top diagnostic companies in the oncology space and that is a leading indicator of future revenue.

Aleny Vega -- JPMorgan -- Analyst

Great. Thanks. And then on the kidney transplant test, while analytical and clinical data looks good and revenue sensitivity is definitely encouraging, was wondering what else you believe is necessary to increase the penetration rate above the 5% level? And what steps you are taking? You do expect Medicare reimbursement by the end of the year, but how do you think -- what effect do you think that will have in increasing adoption?

Steve Chapman -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. So I think the market so far appears to be doing very well. I mean, we've been very encouraged with other cell-free DNA tested around the market and their ability to grow rapidly up to roughly this sort of 3% to 5% market share. From our standpoint, it's the same playbook as when other test launch. I mean, there's a lot of medical education, peer-reviewed publications, there's detailing with medical science liaisons in the field, et cetera, and physicians begin to use the test as Medicare coverage and data become available. So, we plan on commercializing in 2019 with both the direct sales effort and in our partnership with One Lambda, who we really think is a premier partner because they have relationships in all of the top transplant centers.

Now, there's a lot of other things that go beyond just the technical and clinical performance or assay that we think will help us scale very quickly. There's a lot of user experience capabilities that we've built and a lot of operational efficiencies that we've built in running a very high scale and high throughput cell-free DNA laboratories, so we've now performed over 1.5 million cell-free DNA tests in our lab and what you learned through that process is really important and we've made a lot of significant improvements that we can now leverage as we move into the transplant space.

The same on the user experience side, we're doing hundreds of thousands of tests per year with physicians that have very high expectations for how we work with them and how we work with their patients and we're able to piggyback on a lot of the stuff that we've built in the women's health space and bring that immediately and directly to transplant physicians, and a lot of the things like interfaces and so forth we've done before and we know how to execute.

Aleny Vega -- JPMorgan -- Analyst

Great. Thank you.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question will come from the line of Alex Nowak with Craig-Hallum Capital. Your line is now open.

Alexander Nowak -- Craig-Hallum Capital Group -- Analyst

Great. Good afternoon, everyone. Steve and Matt, congrats on the deal with BGI. When do you expect to see your Signatera test launched into the Chinese market and generating royalties there? And then just you mentioned it in the prepared remarks, but just any update on QIAGEN, when they're going to launch your test on GeneReader?

Steve Chapman -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. So we think the BGI could launch the Signatera assay in China in 2020. They're -- they have the ability to move very quickly and efficiently as they've done in many other cell-free DNA tests. We don't need Chinese FDA approval to launch the test. There's many hospital systems that are exempt from that provision. When you look at the Chinese market itself, there's about 4.3 million patients that are diagnosed with cancer on an annual basis and that's like 3x the US. So if you just compare the trajectory of other cell-free DNA tests in the US that are sort of $50 million to $75 million range, and you would imagine in China BGI can generate $50 million to $75 million. We think we're in a position to make tens of millions of dollars in the future from ongoing royalties in the BGI partnership and at some point recognize revenue on the upfront payments and milestones that we've gotten in the partnership.

Shifting gears to QIAGEN, they are a very strong partner and we are feeling very positive about the relationship with them. Things are going in line with our expectations and the expectations that we outlined on the call roughly last year when we announced our partnership with them. And Matt, do you want to add anything additional?

Matthew Rabinowitz -- Executive Chairman

Yeah. Well, thanks, Steve. I don't know if I'm going to speak again on this call, so I'll just take this opportunity to say that Steve has done an amazing job leading this company and the management team has coalesced around Steve's leadership really beautifully. So we're feeling great about that decision to go with an internal ace rather to bring somebody from the outside. So, congrats and thanks, Steve.

On the BGI and QIAGEN deals, we've spoken for a long time about this vision to piggyback on the emergence of sequencing all over the world and to offer our proprietary technology in a way that is really accessible to patients all over the world. And so the deal with BGI was just part of that vision. BGI, as Steve said, has a lot of resources in China. They can move very quickly. I think they're going to be a major competitor in the sequencing space. So it was crucial for our vision to be partnered with them and I think this deal has taken a long time to come together, but it's a great deal for both companies.

On QIAGEN, QIAGEN has got a lot of inroads into the lab business worldwide. They've got their DNA extraction and their oncology pipeline and a whole series of technologies that synergize beautifully with woman's health and they've got this packaging of sample to in-flight approach where they really streamline those collapse (ph). So I think QIAGEN is going to have a very compelling value proposition as well and the timelines for QIAGEN are really up to them. We're supporting them in every way that we can and we are expected to. And we're hoping that they're going to come out with a very compelling proposition and they're driving the timeline. So, you're just going to have to ask them what their launch dates will be, but all of that is looking very good.

And then as we said in the prepared remarks, the announcement with BGI doesn't change our plans with Illumina and QIAGEN. We want to be supporting all of these different sequencing providers. And in terms of what we do here in the United States, we think that the additional sequencing competition is going to be good for the market and it's certainly going to be very good for patients in healthcare in general and we will offer those technologies that are most accurate and cost effective in our lab and that have the best service associated with them. So, all of that is looking very good.

Alexander Nowak -- Craig-Hallum Capital Group -- Analyst

Okay. Understood. Thank you. And then I believe there's a new CPT code for carrier screening here in 2019. So I know Panorama has some challenges years ago when switching over to a new code, so just do you foresee any challenges first couple of months here of the year? Is there anything baked into the guidance regarding that?

Steve Chapman -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. I think others have talked about this generally very favorably particularly around the pricing upside. I think Medicare price the code in the sort of high 2,000s range, if I recall directly. And we think that's a very positive, I think, for the long term, I think the medium term question is really what happens with coverage and we're monitoring that. It's certainly a portion of our business, although we do offer a very broad range of offerings in carrier screening and we have a mix of how physicians tend to order with many choosing smaller panels. But with respect to how this makes an impact and so forth, I think we've been fairly conservative with the guidance for this and other factors that Mike outlined on the call.

Alexander Nowak -- Craig-Hallum Capital Group -- Analyst

Okay, got it. And then just last question from me for Mike. I just understand the need to invest in the business here and you also talked about some of the potential upsides around COGS and average risk pricing, but just based on your current trajectory what you currently see out there, when do you anticipate achieving cash flow breakeven for the business? Thanks.

Michael Brophy -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. So we went into some detail in the prepared remarks around cash flow break even for the women's health business and that's where we've oriented the goal. So Steve laid out an illustrative example of getting there with a unit base volume of 900,000 units. And at that base volume, you'd be covering your women's health operating expenses with about a $200 spread. Now, obviously, there is a number of variables there. There's the gross margin spread, which is affected by pricing and it's affected by COGS. And there's also the volume base. So it's possible, as we alluded to in the prepared remarks, that we could get to that breakeven point at a lower volume rate base, if we get the reimbursement comes more quickly. So -- but I think that's sort of a middle case for you to contemplate, Alex, as just kind of steady volume growth to that level with that gross margin spread would get you a cash flow breakeven in the women's health business.

Alexander Nowak -- Craig-Hallum Capital Group -- Analyst

Okay, got it. Thank you.

Operator

Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes our question-and-answer session for today. We thank you for your participation in today's conference, and you may now disconnect. Everybody, have a wonderful day.

Duration: 59 minutes

Call participants:

Michael Brophy -- Chief Financial Officer

Steve Chapman -- Chief Executive Officer

William Quirk -- Piper Jaffray -- Analyst

Catherine Schulte -- Robert W. Baird -- Analyst

Matthew Rabinowitz -- Executive Chairman

Solomon Moshkevich -- General Manager, Oncology and Transplant

Mark Massaro -- Canaccord Genuity -- Analyst

Aleny Vega -- JPMorgan -- Analyst

Alexander Nowak -- Craig-Hallum Capital Group -- Analyst

Matthew Rabinowitz -- Executive Chairman

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