Martin Raffield
Thanks, Bill. Turning to slide 5, I'll give some comments on first quarter revenue. Overall revenue was $193 million with volume of 67,600 GEOs. On our last quarterly call, we forecasted softer GEO sales from our stream segment in the first quarter. Stream sales met our expectations, and any softness was more than offset by strong metal prices and a stronger contribution from our royalty segment.
Royalty revenue was up by about 53% from the prior year quarter to $71 million. We saw another strong quarter from Peñasquito, Manh Choh, and Robinson and lower revenue from the Cortez legacy zone. The contribution of our royalty segment, which has grown over the past few quarters with revenue from several new assets.
This segment contributed about 37% of total revenue in the quarter. Revenue from our stream segment was $122 million, up by about 19% from last year with increased gold sales from Pueblo Viejo and gold and copper sales from Mount Milligan, partially offset by lower sales from Xavantina.
I'll turn to slide 6 and give some comments on notable developments within the portfolio. At Mount Milligan, Centerra reported first quarter results on Tuesday and confirmed their gold and copper production guidance for 2025. Centerra is expecting gold production of 165,000 to 185,000 ounces and copper production of 50 million to 60 million pounds, with both weighted to the second half of the year.
Remember that we experienced a normal course lag of about six months from production at the mine site to sales, so we will see the benefits of the higher production weighting in the first half of 2026. Centerra also provided an update on the mine life extension project.
In addition to extending the mine life beyond 2036, they highlighted the potential for a 10% increase to mill capacity through ball mill motor upgrades and additional downstream flow sheet improvements, which may also improve overall metal recovery.
The prefeasibility study could provide a significant catalyst for Royal Gold, and we look forward to seeing the results when it's published in the third quarter. At Andacollo, Teck provided gold production guidance of 35,000 to 39,000 ounces in 2025, which is significantly higher than the 2024 production of 20,800 ounces.
The main driver of this increase is higher mill throughput due to increased water availability. As with Mount Milligan, we also experienced a normal course lag at Andacollo of about six months from production at the mine site to sales so we expect to see the benefit of this increased production later in 2025.
Turning to slide 7. The quarter, as Barrick announced yesterday, it is maintaining overall gold production guidance of between 680,000 and 765,000 ounces for the year. As we highlighted in our 2025 guidance press release, we estimate an overall average royalty rate of 3.1% on this production.
Barrick also reported progress on installing ventilation infrastructure at Goldrush, which should support increased mining rates. At Fourmile, the exploration campaign to define the ore body and overall footprint started, which will support the prefeasibility study, and exploration continues at Hanston and Swift targets with encouraging results.
At Pueblo Viejo, Barrick also reported yesterday that 2025 gold production guidance of 370,000 to 410,000 ounces for its 60% share is unchanged after completing a 35-day shutdown for debottlenecking work on the expanded plant in the first quarter.
Barrick also provided an update on the mine life extension project, which is focusing on housing resettlement and engineering work on the new tailings storage facility. So far, 220 homes have been constructed, 18 families have been resettled, and the tailings facility is on track for commissioning in late 2029.
I'll wrap up with some comments on other portfolio assets. At Peñasquito, Newmont reported that high grades in the Peñasco resulted in strong gold and steady coke product production in the first quarter. Newmont expects coal production to remain relatively steady through the second quarter before beginning to shift to a higher proportion of silver, lead and zinc and lower gold through the third and fourth quarters.
At Khoemacau, MMG provided 2025 silver production guidance of 1.3 million to 1.5 million ounces. MMG also reported the early works on camp and road construction as well as land acquisition and personnel recruitment have started on the expansion project.
Construction is expected to begin in 2026 but remain subject to completion of the feasibility study. In Nevada, results of preliminary economic assessment studies were released for various assets operated by IOT, where we have royalty interests.
At Granite Creek, underground production is ramping up to 60,000 ounces per year over an eight-year mine life, and the feasibility study is expected in the fourth quarter that includes an updated operational plan. The open pit project at Granite Creek is targeted to produce 130,000 ounces per year over a 10-year mine life, and an updated feasibility study is also expected in the fourth quarter.
At Ruby Hill, the Archimedes project considers a high-grade underground gold mine producing approximately 100,000 ounces per year over a 10-year mine life. And the project conversions a large open pit leach gold mine, producing approximately 280,000 ounces gold equivalent per year over a 16.5-year mine life. We look forward to seeing progress at all of these projects.
At Back River and Nunavut, B2Gold expects to pour first gold in the second quarter. Any royalty revenue on production this year will be based on an initial royalty rate of 0.7%. B2 also announced the results of an updated NI 43-101 report, and they are targeting gold production of approximately 300,000 ounces per year for the first six years.
B2 is also finalizing a study in late 2025 or early 2026 to evaluate an increase in mill throughput from 4,000 to potentially 6,000 tonnes per day. Finally, the cash price paid for each ounce of gold delivered at Xavantina will increase from 20% to 40% of stock from the 49,000-ounce delivery threshold it reached.
We've received deliveries of 46,500 ounces at the end of March, and we expect this cash price increase will occur sometime in this current quarter. Note also that the effect of the transaction that Bill mentioned will be to extend the threshold for deliveries at the current 25% stream rate from 93,000 to 160,000 ounces.
I'll now turn the call over to Paul for a review of our financial results.
Paul Libner
Thanks, Martin. I'll turn to slide 8 and give an overview of the financial results for the quarter. For this discussion, I'll be comparing the quarter ended March 31, 2025 to the prior year quarter. Revenue for the quarter was up strongly by 30% to $193 million. Metal prices were a primary driver of the revenue increase, with gold up 38%, silver up 37% and copper up 11% over the prior year.
Gold remains our dominant revenue driver, making up 75% of our total revenue for the quarter, followed by silver at 12% and copper at 9%. Royal Gold has the highest gold revenue percentage when compared to our major peers in the royalty and streaming sector.
Turning to slide 9, I'll provide a bit more detail on certain financial line items for the quarter. G&A expense was $11.1 million, down slightly from the prior year and mostly due to lower corporate costs. We typically see higher G&A expense in the first quarter as this is the period when we grant employee equity awards and recognize higher noncash stock compensation expense when compared to other quarters throughout the year.
Excluding noncash stock compensation expense, our cash G&A remained low at approximately 4% of revenue for the quarter. Our DD&A expense decreased to $33 million from $39 million in the prior year. The lower overall depletion expense this quarter was due to lower depletion rates in our stream segment as a result of reserve increases.
Lower gold sales from Xavantina and lower gold production at Cortez also contributed to the decrease. On a unit basis, this expense was $488 per GEO for the quarter compared to $539 per GEO in the prior year. Interest and other expense decreased significantly to $1.2 million from $4.6 million in the prior year.
The decrease was primarily due to lower average amounts outstanding under the revolving credit facility. Tax expense for the quarter was $10 million compared to $27 million in the prior year. The lower income tax expense in the current period included two discrete tax benefits: first, a $12 million benefit, net of valuation allowance, for additional recoverable basis in foreign jurisdictions; and second, a $1.7 million benefit related to a withholding tax refund on a foreign royalty.
Excluding these discrete tax benefits, our effective tax rate for the quarter was 19.4%. Net income for the quarter increased significantly over the prior year to a record $113.5 million or $1.72 per share. The increase in net income was primarily due to higher revenue, lower income tax expense and lower interest expense.
After adjusting for the discrete tax benefits I just mentioned, adjusted net income was $99.8 million or $1.51 per share. This is the second highest in the company's history after the record earnings we recognized in the fourth quarter of 2024. Our operating cash flow this quarter was $136 million, down slightly from $138 million in the prior period.
The slight decrease was primarily due to an increase in cash taxes paid, offset partially by higher net cash proceeds received from our stream and royalty interest. Finally, I will now turn to slide 10 and provide a brief summary of our financial position as of March 31, 2025.
We remain debt-free at the end of the quarter, and our total liquidity grew to approximately $1.25 billion, which includes the fully undrawn and available $1 billion revolving credit facility and approximately $250 million of working capital. That concludes my comments on our financial performance for the quarter.
And I'll now turn the call back to Bill for closing comments.
William Heissenbuttel
Thanks, Paul. The first quarter provided a good start to 2025. Our portfolio performance was solid, and we are maintaining our 2025 guidance ranges for metal sales, DD&A and tax rate. The outlook for economic conditions remains uncertain and that is reflected with generally elevated volatility in the markets.
However, I think we are well positioned to provide stability. With our leverage to a strong gold price, our diversified portfolio, strong balance sheet and commitment to paying a dividend, we are well placed to continue to deliver solid results.
And on a final note, Kevin McArthur will retire from the Board at our upcoming stockholder meeting. Kevin has served on the Board since 2014, and he is leaving to focus on a new role that will require significant attention. Kevin's strategic and operational insights will be missed, and I would like to thank him for his many contributions to Royal Gold.
Operator, that concludes our prepared remarks. I'll now open the line for questions.
Operator
(Operator instructions)
Cosmos Chiu, CIBC.
Cosmos Chiu
Great, thanks, Bill, and team for the conference call. Maybe my first question is on your asset handbook, and thanks once again for publishing an asset handbook. I found it very helpful. Especially this year, I see that you've included the -- your operators or the different operators' multiyear production outlook for your assets.
I guess one of the major requests from investors has always been for a long-term guidance from Royal Gold. I know you won't be giving one out. However, maybe Bill, walk us through how we can use this new information in the 2024 asset handbook to help us build our own sort of near-term and long-term kind of growth profile.
William Heissenbuttel
Well, sure. Thanks for the question. And obviously, the information in the handbook, I think it only went out to 2028. So we don't give long-term guidance. And what we typically do is we'll take an operator's forecast so we may adjust it.
We may adjust it up, we may adjust it down based on factors that we see, but what we wanted the market to try to understand is how do the operators see their own projects and try to put all that information into a couple of pages.
So that you can say, okay, Xavantina expects 55,000 ounces of gold to be produced. This is the stream that Royal Gold has. Here's the cash price. And maybe that just helps you refine the short term to the medium term, look at it.
So it's more about condensing information that's already out there to try to make it easier for you to build it into a model and do your calculations.
Cosmos Chiu
Yeah. I think it helps. And then maybe my next question is on the corporate development end. And you've been active. You've made a number of sort of changes or increases in existing assets within your portfolio. Xavantina, we touched on it Back River.
So is that where you're seeing some of the key opportunities? Or you've done Cactus as well so that's a completely new asset. So could you maybe talk about the opportunity set? Is it mostly coming from current assets or are there new opportunities coming from new assets as well? Maybe talk about that landscape.
William Heissenbuttel
Yeah. Let me touch on existing asset opportunities and then the general market. I'll try to get Dan Breeze on here. But look, the assets in our portfolio, we know them better than anybody else. We have a regular dialogue with the companies and we have existing agreements.
They know how we work. And sometimes it's just easier to build on a relationship that we've built together than it is for a company to go out and look. Now I would say the in-portfolio opportunities relative to new business, that's going to be pretty small. It's opportunistic. And again, it really comes down to the relationship and the familiarity we have with the project. As for new opportunities, I don't know, Dan, can you jump in here?
Dan Breeze
Sure, Bill. Cosmos, we talked a little bit about this. I think it was in the last call just in terms of the landscape, and we made comments that things were very busy or getting very busy at the start of the new year. That's really continued, Cosmos. I think it's one of the busier times we've seen in recent memory.
And it's really hard to say where -- specifically where one set of opportunities is coming from. It's really broad right now. I think if you look back in the landscape in terms of the announced transactions in our sector over the last, say, 12 to 18 months, that's the kinds of things that are available right now to look at.
And to your comment on the third-party royalty market, I think that's going to remain quite strong. You mentioned Cactus. We bought the B2Gold royalties as well last year, third-party royalties. And I think just with these prices we're seeing right now, it's motivating sellers.
And so I think that that third-party market continues to roll forward. But there are other things, there are bigger things on the streaming side. We're seeing some new royalty opportunities, I'd say, over earlier-stage type projects as well.
So we're quite busy but it's very broad in terms of what we're looking at.
Cosmos Chiu
Great. Maybe one last question then on taxes. God, I love taxes. But on taxes, there was a discrete tax item in the quarter, $13.7 million. Just want to confirm that's a sort of onetime benefit or onetime item.
And then if you can remind us, as you mentioned, if I were to exclude that benefit, it would be 19.4% effective tax rate. Could you remind us what we -- what the guidance was for the percentage for the full year and toward tax expense? And for that, should we factor in the 19.4% as part of that calculation for the full year? Or should we use the other number that's without -- or with the discrete tax benefit?
William Heissenbuttel
So I'll ask Paul to hop in.
Cosmos Chiu
You don't want to answer that question?
William Heissenbuttel
Well, I don't like taxes as much as you do.
Cosmos Chiu
Okay.
Paul Libner
Hey, Cosmos, thanks for the question, and yeah, good to hear from you. Yeah, I think to unwind your question there or to summarize it maybe into just a short answer, we did have those two discrete items. You have heard us say or me say in the past, these discrete items, I mean, they're largely infrequent and they're unusual.
So if we took away those two discrete items for the quarter, yes, the effective tax rate was 19.4%. Our guidance for the year is 17% to 22%. So that number wedges right nicely in the mid part of that guidance range that we provided earlier. And again, no changes to that guidance.
Cosmos Chiu
Got you. Great. Thanks, Bill and team and those are the questions I have. Thank you.
William Heissenbuttel
Thanks Cosmos.
Operator
Tanya Jakusconek, Scotiabank.
Tanya Jackusk
Great, good morning, everybody. Thank you so much for taking my questions got voted off an island on a previous call, so really appreciate it. I do have a few questions. Can I just start on the quarterly basis? I know on the previous conference call, we talked about how the year shapes up with each a stronger second half versus first half. Is that still the case from a production, a GEO sales standpoint? I understand the pricing, it depends on pricing. But generally, on the asset basis, is that what we should expect?
William Heissenbuttel
I think that's still our expectation, but Martin can jump in here if I've gone astray there.
Martin Raffield
No, that is still the expectation, Tanya, stronger second half, yes.
Tanya Jackusk
Okay. And when I -- stronger second half, do we have a strong Q4, like everybody else does? I'm just trying to understand.
William Heissenbuttel
It's hard for us to break. Yeah. Go ahead, Martin. We can expect a stronger fourth quarter. The problem that we sometimes run into is deliveries like a Milligan or an Andacollo can be really, really lumpy. And if we happen to have it in early, that can move it quarter-to-quarter and that's why I think we talk more haves than we do quarters because we could end up with a (inaudible) shipment at some unexpected time. And then that particular quarter is not what we thought it would be.
Tanya Jackusk
Okay. No, I appreciate that. But as you know it today, that's sort of how you would see it pan out with a stronger Q4, assuming the timing is delivered as you expect? Okay. And then the other, just one other on just on the modeling side. Just on the payments for 2025 that you have out there. Can you just remind me, Paul, just sort of payments, I saw $58 million was paid in Q1.
Can you just remind me, I just want to make sure I have all the payments that you have in the public domain right now that needs to go through your cash flow statement this year.
Paul Libner
If I'm understanding your question correctly, Tanya, so we have no other commitments out there that would go through -- that are known. Yeah, we did the -- I'm sorry, the Xavantina transaction, $50 million, but there are no other commitments that we have that you should be modeling for.
Tanya Jackusk
Okay. So just the one that came through Q1?
Paul Libner
Correct.
Tanya Jackusk
Okay, perfect. Thank you for that. Just wanted to check. And then before getting to the transactions, and I'm getting that, Pueblo Viejo, just on Barrick's call yesterday. It seems like they got the Pueblo Viejo back up again and the throughput is moving higher. Gold recovery is supposed to be picking up not so much Q3. Q2, Q3, but into Q4.
They don't talk about the silver circuit. So can someone just bring me up to speed on the silver circuit? What are you expecting there? And then just remind me on the silver deferrals of what's outstanding. And should this circuit be operational, let's say, Q1 of next year, how do we see that silver deferral come through for you? Thank you.
William Heissenbuttel
Martin, do you want to do a high level on the silver circuit and what they're up to?
Martin Raffield
Yes. So to answer the last question first, Tanya, the current deferral is 1.97 million ounces at the end of the first quarter. And really, the discussion that they gave during their conference call was very similar to the discussion previously. It appears when they talked in Q4, Q1 was going to be thickener optimization type work to get that signal working properly. That has now been confirmed to have been completed.
So that was a big job off the list of things that is required to improve recovery and overall throughput. There are several other things happening over the year. The glam service water type work, the cooling towers in Q3, and that's -- that's one of the things that we really expect to have a significant improvement on the silver recovery going into Q4 and into 2026.
And then there's carbon generation, carbon regeneration kiln work happening in Q4, that again, is going to help to improve recovery. So no real change in the messaging there. I think going forward over the year, we are going to see that recovery improving on the gold side. And towards the end of the year, we're going to see the silver starting to come up broadly in Q4.
And we're actually going on site on Monday so we're going to get -- on Tuesday next week. So we're going to start to get a clearer view of how that work is taking place.
Tanya Jackusk
And how should I be thinking about all the accumulation of this deferred silver and how it starts coming through on the -- on your revenue side? Should I be thinking all of this deferral to be sort of taking two years to sort of get through the system? How should I be thinking about it?
William Heissenbuttel
Yeah, I mean. Go ahead, Martin.
Martin Raffield
No, you go ahead, Bill. I was going to say we've given -- we have made -- I don't want to get that answer wrong so I think --
William Heissenbuttel
I'll try not to get it wrong. I would just say to temper expectations when it comes to the timing of the deferred silver. If you look at -- and we talked about this before, the silver recovery has to get above 52.5% and then we start getting the silver. If you look at the technical report that's out there that shows silver production and you say, okay, that's 100%, Barrick's is 60%. Our current deliveries are 75%.
So when you look at the difference, that 25% that's sort of available based on their forecast production, I think you'll get a sense that I don't think it's going to come in very quickly. I think it's going to -- it may come in over a few years.
Tanya Jackusk
Okay. All right. Okay, all right. Just every day, keep thinking about the silver circuit. Maybe moving on to the M&A side. I'm just -- I've kind of seen a bit of a shift in what's available out there in the transaction market just from some of your peers. And I just wanted to understand whether you're seeing a similar thing in terms of opportunities for yourself.
One of the opportunities has -- brought to my attention has been that the base metal companies are coming forward where they haven't previously with maybe some balance sheet repair, given the weaker commodity prices there and some larger streams. Are you seeing that as well? Number one.
William Heissenbuttel
Dan, you want to go first?
Dan Breeze
Sure. Tanya, thanks for the question. I think in general, as I was saying to Cosmos earlier that all this opportunity set is pretty broad. But in that opportunity set, we are seeing those kinds of opportunities. And obviously, the gold price, I think it's attracting the interest of the base metal operators and looking for ways to potentially monetize in this environment. So we're seeing some of those pop up as well, Tanya. That's a fair comment.
Tanya Jackusk
Okay. And I was also told that there are some other opportunities as well in the gold space above and beyond just the normal mine build, in the primary metal that there is obviously some more asset sales beyond the Newmont stuff and maybe more M&A opportunities as well.
And also what I found is that the size has moved up significantly up to the $1 billion range. And I know last quarter, we talked about the $100 million to $300 million range for you. Has your range of what opportunities you're seeing changed from that $100 million to $300 million?
(multiple speakers)
William Heissenbuttel
Yeah. Sorry, Dan. We are seeing some larger ones, but again, that's -- when we talk $100 million to $300 million, we're trying to talk about what I would consider normal. And we still see some of those opportunities, but we do, from time to time, get larger opportunities like when we bought the Cortez royalty a couple of years ago.
Tanya Jackusk
Okay. It just seems that there's been a shift that it's moved up into a larger range, and I just didn't understand whether you're seeing those ones as well. Majority of yours are in the $100 million to $300 million range, is that how I should be thinking about it?
William Heissenbuttel
Again, on a normal course basis, yeah. But we are seeing larger opportunities right now. I just wouldn't shift your expectations on a go-forward basis to a much larger dollar amount.
Tanya Jackusk
Okay. And then lastly, with everything shifting around, valuation shifting around, how does corporate transaction fit in for you versus just normal asset transaction?
William Heissenbuttel
Yeah. I think we've been pretty consistent that we have models on all of our competitors. We're always open to a dialogue. It's just -- it's always hard to find that right time, right, where the valuations are right, the kind of work, the social issues work.
And so we find ourselves focused on the asset deals just because it's just a little harder to have a meeting of the minds when it comes to the corporate deals, but we're obviously open to it.
Tanya Jackusk
Okay. Just it seems that the overall market has had a shift in the quarter to just a different type of opportunity. So look forward to seeing that. I think it will be quite active. And thank you also for the asset handbook. We do find it very useful.
William Heissenbuttel
Good. Thanks for the questions.
Operator
Derick Martin, TD Cowen.
Derick Martin
Thank you. If MMG moves forward with a full construction decision at Khoemacau with the expansion. Could you give us a sense of what the correlation between the copper and silver grades are, the two deposits that fall within the area of interest and how that might impact the stream?
William Heissenbuttel
Martin, do you want to take that?
Martin Raffield
Yes, Derick, thanks. So I don't have the numbers right at my fingertips, but I think it's safe to say that the correlation is similar to the correlation in the Zone 5 mine. So yeah, I think that's all I would say at the moment, correlated similar to Zone 5.
Derick Martin
No, that's fine, thank you. I appreciate that. That's all for me.
Operator
Thank you. We have no more questions registered, so I will now hand back over to Bill for final remarks.
William Heissenbuttel
Thank you for taking the time to join us today. We certainly appreciate your interest, and we look forward to updating you on our progress during our next quarterly call. Thank you.
Operator
This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for joining, everyone. You may now disconnect your lines.
