Nobody enjoys losing money to the IRS, and if given the choice, most of us would probably opt to hold off on paying taxes for as long as possible. Thankfully, there's a way to do just that. It's called tax-deferred growth, and it's what enables your investments to grow over time without losing money to the IRS along the way.
Tax-deferred growth is investment growth that's not subject to taxes immediately, but is instead taxed down the line. Perhaps the most common example of tax-deferred growth is that which you'll get in a retirement plan like a traditional IRA or 401(k). Annuities also offer tax-deferred growth, making them a viable though perhaps less popular option for generating retirement income.
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Earn now, pay taxes later
Just as the IRS gets a share of the income you bring home in your paycheck, so too does it get a share of the gains your investments bring you. But if you save in a tax-deferred retirement account like a traditional IRA or 401(k), you won't pay taxes up front as you do in your paychecks, or as you would on investments in traditional brokerage accounts that are sold at a profit. Rather, your investments in a traditional IRA or 401(k) can continue to grow year after year, and you won't pay taxes on your gains until the time comes to take withdrawals in retirement.
Imagine you have a year where you make $5,000 in gains in a traditional brokerage account by selling an investment (whether a stock, bond, or shares of a mutual or index fund) for a price that's higher than what you paid for it. You're responsible for paying taxes on that $5,000 when you file that year's return. With a traditional IRA or 401(k), however, that won't happen. Rather, you'll get the option to reinvest that $5,000 and not pay taxes on it until you're older and ready to take withdrawals from your account.
Tax-deferred growth versus tax-free growth
While tax-deferred growth can certainly help you build your nest egg, believe it or not, your savings options get even better than that. If you open a Roth IRA or 401(k) versus a traditional one, your investment growth won't just be tax-deferred. Rather, it will be tax-free. That's because Roth-style retirement plans don't impose taxes on distributions, so once your investments start making money, the associated gains are yours free and clear of taxes provided you don't take your withdrawals too early.
In other words, the difference between tax-deferred growth and tax-free growth is that with the former, you're paying taxes eventually, just not right away. With the latter, however, you're not paying taxes at all. It's for this reason that savers are often encouraged to choose a Roth retirement plan over a traditional one. That said, Roth IRAs come with income limits, so not everyone can contribute to one directly. There is, however, the option to convert a traditional retirement account into a Roth even if you're a higher earner.